戴冠した二人はそれぞれ皇帝インペラトル・カエサル・マルクス・アウレリウス・アントニヌス・アウグストゥス(Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus)、共同皇帝インペラトル・カエサル・ルキウス・アウレリウス・ウェルス・アウグストゥス(Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus)と名乗った[132][notes 12]。いわゆる「共同皇帝制」が採用されたのはこれが初めての事例となった[135][notes 13]。名目上はともかく、実質的にアウレリウスの方が遥かに多くの権限を持ち、ルキウスはアウレリウスの共同者でしかなかった。どちらが皇帝で、どちらがその共同皇帝かは民衆の間ですら明らかであった[135]。伝記作家は「ルキウスはアウレリウスに従った。ちょうど属州総督が皇帝に従うのと同じ理屈で、臣下として従ったのだ」と書き残している[136]。
フロントはアウレリウスに幾つかの読み物を差し入れる一方[193]、現在も保存されている「De bello Parthico (パルティア戦争について)」と題した長大な手紙をアウレリウスに送っている。この手紙は古今東西の歴史上における事件や人物・格言を例に出しながら、不安を感じているアウレリウスを宥める目的で書かれている[194]。手紙は「過去にローマが敵に敗れ去った事は何度もある」とした上で、「だが最後は常にローマがその力を敵に思い知らせてきたのだ」と記述されている[195]。
^Cassius Dio asserts that the Annii were near-kin of Hadrian, and that it was to these familial ties that they owed their rise to power.[13] The precise nature of these kinship ties is nowhere stated. One conjectural bond runs through Annius Verus (II). Verus' wife Rupilia Faustina was the daughter of the consular senator Libo Rupilius Frugi and an unnamed mother. It has been hypothesized Rupilia Faustina's mother was Matidia, who was also the mother (presumably through another marriage) of Vibia Sabina, Hadrian's wife.[14]
^Farquharson dates his death to 130, when Marcus was nine.[20]
^Birley amends the text of the HA Marcus from "Eutychius" to "Tuticius".[35]
^Others put a harsher light on Hadrian's nickname. McLynn calls it an example of Hadrian's waspish (McLynn says "vespine") wit and adduces it in support of his contention that Marcus was a "prig".[42]
^Birley, following the textual and epigraphic citations, concludes that he might only have seen Rome in 127, briefly in 128, and in 131.[44]
^Commodus was a known consumptive at the time of his adoption, so Hadrian may have intended Marcus' eventual succession anyways.[51]
^Moderns have not offered as positive an assessment. His second modern editor, Niebhur, thought him stupid and frivolous; his third editor, Naber, found him contemptible.[87] Historians have seen him as a "pedant and a bore", his letters offering neither the running political analysis of a Cicero or the conscientious reportage of a Pliny.[88] Recent prosopographic research has rehabilitated his reputation, though not by much.[89]
^Champlin notes that Marcus' praise of him in the Meditations is out of order (he is praised immediately after Diognetus, who had introduced Marcus to philosophy), giving him special emphasis.[109]
^Although part of the biographer's account of Lucius is fictionalized (probably to mimic Nero, whose birthday Lucius shared[118]), and another part poorly compiled from a better biographical source,[119]。scholars have accepted these biographical details as accurate.[120]
^These name-swaps have proven so confusing that even the Historia Augusta, our main source for the period, cannot keep them straight.[133] The fourth-century ecclesiastical historian Eusebius of Caesarea shows even more confusion.[134] The mistaken belief that Lucius had the name "Verus" before becoming emperor has proven especially popular.[135]
^There was, however, much precedent. The consulate was a twin magistracy, and earlier emperors had often had a subordinate lieutenant with many imperial offices (under Pius, the lieutenant had been Marcus). Many emperors had planned a joint succession in the past?Augustus planned to leave Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar as joint emperors on his death; Tiberius wished to have Gaius Caligula and Tiberius Gemellus do so as well; Claudius left the empire to Nero and Britannicus, imagining that they would accept equal rank?but all of these arrangements had ended in failure, either through premature death (Gaius and Lucius Caesar) or judicial murder (Gemellus by Caligula and Britannicus by Nero).[135]
^The biographer relates the scurrilous (and, in the judgment of Anthony Birley, untrue) rumor that Commodus was an illegitimate child born of a union between Faustina and a gladiator.[146]
^Because both Verus and Marcus are said to have taken active part in the recovery (HA Marcus 8.4?5), the flood must have happened before Verus' departure for the east in 162; because it appears in the biographer's narrative after Pius' funeral has finished and the emperors have settled into their offices, it must not have occurred in the spring of 161. A date in autumn 161 or spring 162 is probable, and, given the normal seasonal distribution of Tiber flooding, the most probable date is in spring 162.[162] (Birley dates the flood to autumn 161.[157])
^Since 15 CE, the river had been administered by a Tiber Conservancy Board, with a consular senator at its head and a permanent staff. In 161, the curator alevi Tiberis et riparum et cloacarum urbis ("Curator of the Tiber Bed and Banks and the City Sewers") was A. Platorius Nepos, son or grandson of the builder of Hadrian's Wall, whose name he shares. He probably had not been particularly incompetent. A more likely candidate for that incompetence is Nepos' likely predecessor, M. Statius Priscus. A military man and consul for 159, Priscus probably looked on the office as little more than "paid leave".[164]
^Alan Cameron adduces the fifth-century writer Sidonius Apollinaris's comment that Marcus commanded "countless legions" vivente Pio (while Pius was alive) while contesting Birley's contention that Marcus had no military experience. (Neither Apollinaris nor the Historia Augusta (Birley's source) are particularly reliable on second-century history.[178])
^Birley believes there is some truth in these considerations.[199]
^The whole section of the vita dealing with Lucius' debaucheries (HA Verus 4.4?6.6), however, is an insertion into a narrative otherwise entirely cribbed from an earlier source. Most of the details are fabricated by the biographer himself, relying on nothing better than his own imagination.[205]
出典
All citations to the Historia Augusta are to individual biographies, and are marked with a "HA". Citations to the works of Fronto are cross-referenced to C.R. Haines' Loeb edition.
^Western Civilization: Sources, Images and Interpretations, Dennis Sherman, Vol. 1, 5th Ed., p. 104.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 229 30. The thesis of single authorship was first proposed in H. Dessau's "Uber Zeit und Personlichkeit der Scriptoes Historiae Augustae" (in German), Hermes 24 (1889), 337ff.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 230. On the HA Verus, see Barnes, 65?74.
^HA Marcus 1.10, 2.1; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 38; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 147. The appellation also survives on inscriptions: Birley cites (at Marcus Aurelius, p. 270 n.24) Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 A 697, and L'Annee epigraphique1940.62. On the Salii, see: Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 36?37; McLynn, 18?19.
^McLynn, 18, citing Michael Grant, The Antonines (1994), 26 for the characterization of verissimus as an example of Hadrian's waspish wit.
^HA Marcus 4.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 37; McLynn, 19.
^Ad Marcum Caesarem 5.74 ( =Haines 2.52ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 73.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 77. On the date, see Champlin, "Chronology of Fronto", 142, who (with Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (1964), 93ff) argues for a date in the 150s; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 78?79, 273 n.17 (with Ameling, Herodes Atticus (1983), 1.61ff, 2.30ff) argues for 140.
^Ad Marcum Caesarem 3.2 (= Haines 1.58ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 77?78.
^Ad Marcum Caesarem 4.3, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 69.
^De Eloquentia 4.5 (= Haines 2.74), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 95. Alan Cameron, in his review of Birley's biography (The Classical Review 17:3 (1967): 347), suggests a reference to chapter 11 of Arthur Darby Nock's Conversion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933, rept. 1961): "Conversion to Philosophy".
^HA Verus 2.9?11; 3.4?7; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 108.
^Suetonius, Nero 6.1; HA Verus 1.8; Barnes, 67; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 158. See also: Barnes, 69?70; Pierre Lambrechts, "L'empereur Lucius Verus. Essai de rehabilitation" (in French), Antiquite Classique 3 (1934), 173ff.
^HA Verus 4.2, tr. David Magie, cited in Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 117, 278 n.4.
^HA Marcus 7.9; Verus 4.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 117?18.
^HA Marcus 7.9; Verus 4.3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 117?18. "twice the size": Richard Duncan-Jones, Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 109.
^HA Marcus 19.1?2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 278 n.9.
^HA Comm. 1.4, 10.2; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 155ff.; 949ff.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 118, citing Werner Eck, Die Organisation Italiens (1979), 146ff.
^HA Marcus 8.1, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 157.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 122?23, citing H.G. Pfalum, Les carrieres procuratoriennes equestres sous le Haut-Empire romain I?III (Paris, 1960?61); Supplement (Paris, 1982), nos. 142; 156; Eric Birley, Roman Britain and the Roman Army (1953), 142ff., 151ff.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123, citing H.G. Pfalum, Les carrieres procuratoriennes equestres sous le Haut-Empire romain I?III (Paris, 1960?61); Supplement (Paris, 1982), no. 141.
^HA Marcus 8.8; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123, citing W. Eck, Die Satthalter der germ. Provinzen (1985), 65ff.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 120, citing Ad Verum Imperator 1.3.2 (= Haines 1.298ff).
^Ad Antoninum Imperator 4.2.3 (= Haines 1.302ff), qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 119.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 120, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 841; 845.
^Gregory S. Aldrete, Floods of the Tiber in ancient Rome (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), 30?31.
^Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae5932[リンク切れ] (Nepos), 1092[リンク切れ] (Priscus); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121.
^Fergus Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, 31 BC ? AD 337 (London: Duckworth, 1977), 6 and passim. See also: idem. "Emperors at Work", Journal of Roman Studies 57:1/2 (1967): 9?19.
^Codex Justinianus 7.2.6, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 133.
^Digest 31.67.10, qtd. and tr. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 133.
^Event: HA Marcus 8.6; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121. Date: Jaap-Jan Flinterman, "The Date of Lucian's Visit to Abonuteichos," Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 119 (1997): 281.
^Lucian, Alexander 27; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121.
^Lucian, Alexander 27; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 121?22. On Alexander, see: Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986), 241?50.
^HA Marcus 8.9, tr. Magie; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 123?26. On Lucius' voyage, see: HA Verus 6.7?9; HA Marcus 8.10?11; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 125?26.
^HA Verus 9.2; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum3.199; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130?31.
^HA Verus 7.7; Marcus 9.4; Barnes, 72; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163; cf. also Barnes, "Legislation Against the Christians", Journal of Roman Studies 58:1?2 (1968), 39; "Some Persons in the Historia Augusta", Phoenix 26:2 (1972), 142, citing the Vita Abercii 44ff.
^HA Verus 7.10; Lucian, Imagines 3; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131. Cf. Lucian, Imagines, Pro Imaginibus, passim.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163.
^HA Verus 7.7; Marcus 9.4; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131, citing Anne Epigraphique 1958.15.
^HA Marcus 9.1; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
^HA Marcus 9.1; HA Verus 7.1?2; Ad Verrum Imperator 2.3 (= Haines 2.133); Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 129; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 129; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 233ff.
^Dio 71.3.1; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162; Millar, Near East, 113.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 280 n. 42; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 131; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 261ff.; 300 ff.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130, 279 n. 38; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163, citing Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 M 169; Millar, Near East, 112.
^Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
^Fronto, Ad Verum Imperator 2.1.3 (= Haines 2.133); Astarita, 41; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130; "Hadrian to the Antonines", 162.
^Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae1098[リンク切れ]; Birley, Marcus Aurelius, 130.
^Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163, citing Prosopographia Imperii Romani2 M 169.
^Lucian, Historia Quomodo Conscribenda 15, 19; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163.
^Lucian, Historia Quomodo Conscribenda 20, 28; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163, citing Syme, Roman Papers, 5.689ff.
^HA Verus 8.3?4; Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 163. Birley cites R.H. McDowell, Coins from Seleucia on the Tigris (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1935), 124ff., on the date.
^Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 164, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 384 ff., 1248 ff., 1271 ff.
^Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 164, citing P. Kneissl, Die Siegestitulatur der romischen Kaiser. Untersuchungen zu den Siegerbeinamen des 1. und 2. Jahrhunderts (Gottingen, 1969), 99 ff.
^Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 164, citing H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum IV: Antoninus Pius to Commodus (London, 1940), Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, nos. 401ff.
^2 A 1402f.; 1405; Astarita, passim; Syme, Bonner Historia-Augustia Colloquia 1984 (= Roman Papers IV (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), ?).
^Birley, "Hadrian to the Antonines", 164, citing Alfoldy, Konsulat, 24, 221.
^Gregory Hays. Introduction to Marcus Aurelius Meditations Weidenfeld and Nicholson London2003 pxlix
^Stertz, 434, citing Themistius, Oratio 6.81; HA Cassius 3.5; Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus 16.9.
^Gregory Hays. Introduction to Marcus Aurelius Meditations Weidenfeld and Nicholson London 2003 pp xlviii?xlix.
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