Општа теорија релативности

Општа релативност или општа теорија релативности (ОТР) је геометријска теорија гравитације коју је Алберт Ајнштајн објавио у чланку Основе опште теорије релативности (нем. Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie), 1915. године у Annalen der Physik.^[1]^[2] Теорија представља релативистичко поопштење специјалне релативности и Њутнове теорије гравитације. Она пружа уједињени опис гравитације као геометријског својства простора и времена, или простор-времена. Специфично, закривљеност простор-времена је директно повезана са енергијом и моментом независно од тога која материја и радијација су присутне. Однос је специфициран у Ајнштајновим једначинама поља, систему парцијалних диференцијалних једначина.

Нека од предвиђања опште релативности се знатно разликују од класично физичких ставова, посебно у погледу протока времена, геометрије простора, кретања тела при слободном паду, и простирања светлости. Примери тих разлика обухватају гравитациону дилатацију времена, гравитациона сочива, Гравитациони црвени помак светлости, и гравитационо временско кашњење. Предвиђања теорије опште релативности су до сад била потврђена у свим опажањима и експериментима. Мада општа релативност није једина релативистичка теорија гравитације, она је најједноставнија теорија која је конзистентна са експерименталним подацима. Међутим, питања без одговора остају, најфундаменталније од којих је усаглашавање опште релативности са законима квантне физике којим би се произвела комплетна и усаглашена теорија квантне гравитације.

Ајнштајнова теорија има важне астрофизичке импликације. На пример, из ње проистиче могућност постојања црних рупа — просторних региона у којима су простор и време закривљени на такав начин да ништа, чак ни светлост, не може да побегне — као крајњег стадијума масивних звезда. Постоји обиље доказа да је интензивна радијација коју емитују поједине врсте астрономских објеката узрокована црним рупама; на пример, микроквазари и активна галактика језгра су резултат присуства звезданих црних рупа и црних рупа далеко масивнијег типа. Савијање светлости дејством гравитације може да доведе до феномена гравитационог сочива, услед којег су вишеструке слике истог удаљеног астрономског објекта видљиве на небу. Општа релативност такође предвиђа постојање гравитационих таласа, који су индиректно уочени; директна мерења су циљ пројеката као што су ЛИГО (енгл. Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) и НАСА/ЕСА (енгл. Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) и разних низова за пулсарске временске прорачуне. Поред тога, општа релативност је основа данашњих космолошких модела конзистентно експандирајућег свемира.

Постулати и структура теорије

За разлику од класичног, Њутновог описа гравитације као силе која се јавља међу масивним телима на позадини апсолутног простор-времена, у ОТР улогу гравитације узима само простор-време. Њега сада описујемо помоћу метричког тензора ( $g_{\mu \nu }$ ) који је решење Ајнштајнових једначина:

$R_{\mu \nu }-{\frac {1}{2}}\,R\,g_{\mu \nu }={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{2}}}\,T_{\mu \nu }$

где је $R_{\mu \nu }$ Ричијев тензор, $R$ Ричијев скалар, а $T_{\mu \nu }$ тензор енергије-импулса. Константе у једначини су $c$ , брзина светлости и $G$ , гравитацијска константа. Утицај гравитације на честице дефинисан је закривљеношћу простор-времена (тј. његовом геометријом) коју дефинишу масе и сва физичка поља (осим гравитационог).

Референце

^ Albert Einstein: Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. U: Annalen der Physik. 49, 1916, S. 769–822 (Faksimil Архивирано на веб-сајту Wayback Machine (23. август 2006), PDF)
^ O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson (1996), "General relativity". Mathematical Physics index, School of Mathematics and Statistics Архивирано на веб-сајту Wayback Machine (5. децембар 2015), University of St. Andrews, Scotland, May, 1996. Приступљено 2015-02-04.

Литература

Alpher, R. A.; Herman, R. C. (1948), „Evolution of the universe”, Nature, 162 (4124): 774—775, Bibcode:1948Natur.162..774A, doi:10.1038/162774b0
Anderson, J. D.; Campbell, J. K.; Jurgens, R. F.; Lau, E. L. (1992), „Recent developments in solar-system tests of general relativity”, Ур.: Sato, H.; Nakamura, T., Proceedings of the Sixth Marcel Großmann Meeting on General Relativity, World Scientific, стр. 353—355, ISBN 978-981-02-0950-6
Arnold, V. I. (1989), Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-96890-0
Arnowitt, Richard; Deser, Stanley; Misner, Charles W. (1962), „The dynamics of general relativity”, Ур.: Witten, Louis, Gravitation: An Introduction to Current Research, Wiley, стр. 227—265
Arun, K.G.; Blanchet, L.; Iyer, B. R.; Qusailah, M. S. S. (2007), „Inspiralling compact binaries in quasi-elliptical orbits: The complete 3PN energy flux”, Physical Review D, 77 (6), Bibcode:2008PhRvD..77f4035A, arXiv:0711.0302 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.064035
Ashby, Neil (2002), „Relativity and the Global Positioning System” (PDF), Physics Today, 55 (5): 41—47, Bibcode:2002PhT....55e..41A, doi:10.1063/1.1485583
Ashby, Neil (2003), „Relativity in the Global Positioning System”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 6, Bibcode:2003LRR.....6....1A, doi:10.12942/lrr-2003-1, Архивирано из оригинала 04. 07. 2007. г., Приступљено 06. 07. 2007
Ashtekar, Abhay (1986), „New variables for classical and quantum gravity”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 57 (18): 2244—2247, Bibcode:1986PhRvL..57.2244A, PMID 10033673, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2244
Ashtekar, Abhay (1987), „New Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity”, Phys. Rev., D36 (6): 1587—1602, Bibcode:1987PhRvD..36.1587A, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.36.1587
Ashtekar, Abhay (2007), „LOOP QUANTUM GRAVITY: FOUR RECENT ADVANCES AND A DOZEN FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS”, The Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting - on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation and Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings of the MG11 Meeting on General Relativity, стр. 126, Bibcode:2008mgm..conf..126A, ISBN 978-981-283-426-3, arXiv:0705.2222 , doi:10.1142/9789812834300_0008
Ashtekar, Abhay; Krishnan, Badri (2004), „Isolated and Dynamical Horizons and Their Applications”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, Bibcode:2004LRR.....7...10A, arXiv:gr-qc/0407042 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-10, Приступљено 28. 08. 2007
Ashtekar, Abhay; Lewandowski, Jerzy (2004), „Background Independent Quantum Gravity: A Status Report”, Class. Quant. Grav., 21 (15): R53—R152, Bibcode:2004CQGra..21R..53A, arXiv:gr-qc/0404018 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/21/15/R01
Ashtekar, Abhay; Magnon-Ashtekar, Anne (1979), „On conserved quantities in general relativity”, Journal of Mathematical Physics, 20 (5): 793—800, Bibcode:1979JMP....20..793A, doi:10.1063/1.524151
Auyang, Sunny Y. (1995), How is Quantum Field Theory Possible?, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-509345-2
Bania, T. M.; Rood, R. T.; Balser, D. S. (2002), „The cosmological density of baryons from observations of 3He+ in the Milky Way”, Nature, 415 (6867): 54—57, Bibcode:2002Natur.415...54B, PMID 11780112, doi:10.1038/415054a
Barack, Leor; Cutler, Curt (2004), „LISA Capture Sources: Approximate Waveforms, Signal-to-Noise Ratios, and Parameter Estimation Accuracy”, Phys. Rev., D69 (8): 082005, Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69h2005B, arXiv:gr-qc/0310125 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.082005
Bardeen, J. M.; Carter, B.; Hawking, S. W. (1973), „The Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics”, Comm. Math. Phys., 31 (2): 161—170, Bibcode:1973CMaPh..31..161B, doi:10.1007/BF01645742
Barish, Barry (2005), „Towards detection of gravitational waves”, Ур.: Florides, P.; Nolan, B.; Ottewil, A., General Relativity and Gravitation. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference, World Scientific, стр. 24—34, ISBN 978-981-256-424-5
Barstow, M; Bond, Howard E.; Holberg, J. B.; Burleigh, M. R.; Hubeny, I.; Koester, D. (2005), „Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy of the Balmer lines in Sirius B”, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 362 (4): 1134—1142, Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362.1134B, arXiv:astro-ph/0506600 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09359.x
Bartusiak, Marcia (2000), Einstein's Unfinished Symphony: Listening to the Sounds of Space-Time, Berkley, ISBN 978-0-425-18620-6
Begelman, Mitchell C.; Blandford, Roger D.; Rees, Martin J. (1984), „Theory of extragalactic radio sources”, Rev. Mod. Phys., 56 (2): 255—351, Bibcode:1984RvMP...56..255B, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.56.255
Beig, Robert; Chruściel, Piotr T. (2006), „Stationary black holes”, Ур.: Françoise, J.-P.; Naber, G.; Tsou, T.S., Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics, Volume 2, Elsevier, стр. 2041, Bibcode:2005gr.qc.....2041B, ISBN 978-0-12-512660-1, arXiv:gr-qc/0502041 
Bekenstein, Jacob D. (1973), „Black Holes and Entropy”, Phys. Rev., D7 (8): 2333—2346, Bibcode:1973PhRvD...7.2333B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2333
Bekenstein, Jacob D. (1974), „Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics in Black-Hole Physics”, Phys. Rev., D9 (12): 3292—3300, Bibcode:1974PhRvD...9.3292B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.9.3292
Belinskii, V. A.; Khalatnikov, I. M.; Lifschitz, E. M. (1971), „Oscillatory approach to the singular point in relativistic cosmology”, Advances in Physics, 19 (80): 525—573, Bibcode:1970AdPhy..19..525B, doi:10.1080/00018737000101171 ; original paper in Russian: Belinsky, V. A.; Lifshits, I. M.; Khalatnikov, E. M. (1970), „Колебательный Режим Приближения К Особой Точке В Релятивистской Космологии”, Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (Успехи Физических Наук), 102(3) (11): 463—500, Bibcode:1970UsFiN.102..463B, doi:10.3367/ufnr.0102.197011d.0463
Bennett, C. L.; Halpern, M.; Hinshaw, G.; Jarosik, N.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Page, L.; et al. (2003), „First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Preliminary Maps and Basic Results”, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 148 (1): 1—27, Bibcode:2003ApJS..148....1B, arXiv:astro-ph/0302207 , doi:10.1086/377253
Berger, Beverly K. (2002), „Numerical Approaches to Spacetime Singularities”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 5, Bibcode:2002LRR.....5....1B, arXiv:gr-qc/0201056 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2002-1, Приступљено 04. 08. 2007
Bergström, Lars; Goobar, Ariel (2003), Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics (2nd изд.), Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-3-540-43128-2
Bertotti, Bruno; Ciufolini, Ignazio; Bender, Peter L. (1987), „New test of general relativity: Measurement of de Sitter geodetic precession rate for lunar perigee”, Physical Review Letters, 58 (11): 1062—1065, Bibcode:1987PhRvL..58.1062B, PMID 10034329, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1062
Bertotti, Bruno; Iess, L.; Tortora, P. (2003), „A test of general relativity using radio links with the Cassini spacecraft”, Nature, 425 (6956): 374—376, Bibcode:2003Natur.425..374B, PMID 14508481, doi:10.1038/nature01997
Bertschinger, Edmund (1998), „Simulations of structure formation in the universe”, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 36 (1): 599—654, Bibcode:1998ARA&A..36..599B, doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.599
Birrell, N. D.; Davies, P. C. (1984), Quantum Fields in Curved Space, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-27858-4
Blair, David; McNamara, Geoff (1997), Ripples on a Cosmic Sea. The Search for Gravitational Waves, Perseus, ISBN 978-0-7382-0137-5
Blanchet, L.; Faye, G.; Iyer, B. R.; Sinha, S. (2008), „The third post-Newtonian gravitational wave polarisations and associated spherical harmonic modes for inspiralling compact binaries in quasi-circular orbits”, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 25 (16): 165003, Bibcode:2008CQGra..25p5003B, arXiv:0802.1249 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/25/16/165003
Blanchet, Luc (2006), „Gravitational Radiation from Post-Newtonian Sources and Inspiralling Compact Binaries”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 9, Bibcode:2006LRR.....9....4B, doi:10.12942/lrr-2006-4, Архивирано из оригинала 15. 09. 2019. г., Приступљено 07. 08. 2007
Blandford, R. D. (1987), „Astrophysical Black Holes”, Ур.: Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner, 300 Years of Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, стр. 277—329, ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2
Börner, Gerhard (1993), The Early Universe. Facts and Fiction, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-56729-7
Brandenberger, Robert H. (2007), „Conceptual Problems of Inflationary Cosmology and a New Approach to Cosmological Structure Formation”, Inflationary Cosmology, Lecture Notes in Physics, 738, стр. 393—424, Bibcode:2008LNP...738..393B, ISBN 978-3-540-74352-1, arXiv:hep-th/0701111 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74353-8_11
Brans, C. H.; Dicke, R. H. (1961), „Mach's Principle and a Relativistic Theory of Gravitation”, Physical Review, 124 (3): 925—935, Bibcode:1961PhRv..124..925B, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.124.925
Bridle, Sarah L.; Lahav, Ofer; Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Steinhardt, Paul J. (2003), „Precision Cosmology? Not Just Yet”, Science, 299 (5612): 1532—1533, Bibcode:2003Sci...299.1532B, PMID 12624255, arXiv:astro-ph/0303180 , doi:10.1126/science.1082158
Bruhat, Yvonne (1962), „The Cauchy Problem”, Ур.: Witten, Louis, Gravitation: An Introduction to Current Research, Wiley, стр. 130, ISBN 978-1-114-29166-9
Buchert, Thomas (2007), „Dark Energy from Structure—A Status Report”, General Relativity and Gravitation, 40 (2–3): 467—527, Bibcode:2008GReGr..40..467B, arXiv:0707.2153 , doi:10.1007/s10714-007-0554-8
Buras, R.; Rampp, M.; Janka, H.-Th.; Kifonidis, K. (2003), „Improved Models of Stellar Core Collapse and Still no Explosions: What is Missing?”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 90 (24): 241101, Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90x1101B, PMID 12857181, arXiv:astro-ph/0303171 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.241101
Caldwell, Robert R. (2004), „Dark Energy”, Physics World, 17 (5): 37—42
Carlip, Steven (2001), „Quantum Gravity: a Progress Report”, Rept. Prog. Phys., 64 (8): 885—942, Bibcode:2001RPPh...64..885C, arXiv:gr-qc/0108040 , doi:10.1088/0034-4885/64/8/301
Carroll, Bradley W.; Ostlie, Dale A. (1996), An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-54730-6
Carroll, Sean M. (2001), „The Cosmological Constant”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 4, Bibcode:2001LRR.....4....1C, arXiv:astro-ph/0004075 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2001-1, Архивирано из оригинала 20. 06. 2004. г., Приступљено 21. 07. 2007
Carter, Brandon (1979), „The general theory of the mechanical, electromagnetic and thermodynamic properties of black holes”, Ур.: Hawking, S. W.; Israel, W., General Relativity, an Einstein Centenary Survey, Cambridge University Press, стр. 294—369and 860—863, ISBN 978-0-521-29928-2
Celotti, Annalisa; Miller, John C.; Sciama, Dennis W. (1999), „Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes”, Class. Quant. Grav., 16 (12A): A3—A21, arXiv:astro-ph/9912186 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/16/12A/301
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1983), The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850370-5
Charbonnel, C.; Primas, F. (2005), „The Lithium Content of the Galactic Halo Stars”, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 442 (3): 961—992, Bibcode:2005A&A...442..961C, arXiv:astro-ph/0505247 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042491
Ciufolini, Ignazio; Pavlis, Erricos C. (2004), „A confirmation of the general relativistic prediction of the Lense-Thirring effect”, Nature, 431 (7011): 958—960, Bibcode:2004Natur.431..958C, PMID 15496915, doi:10.1038/nature03007
Ciufolini, Ignazio; Pavlis, Erricos C.; Peron, R. (2006), „Determination of frame-dragging using Earth gravity models from CHAMP and GRACE”, New Astron., 11 (8): 527—550, Bibcode:2006NewA...11..527C, doi:10.1016/j.newast.2006.02.001
Coc, A.; Vangioni‐Flam, Elisabeth; Descouvemont, Pierre; Adahchour, Abderrahim; Angulo, Carmen (2004), „Updated Big Bang Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements”, Astrophysical Journal, 600 (2): 544—552, Bibcode:2004ApJ...600..544C, arXiv:astro-ph/0309480 , doi:10.1086/380121
Cutler, Curt; Thorne, Kip S. (2002), „An overview of gravitational wave sources”, Ур.: Bishop, Nigel; Maharaj, Sunil D., Proceedings of 16th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation (GR16), World Scientific, стр. 4090, Bibcode:2002gr.qc.....4090C, ISBN 978-981-238-171-2, arXiv:gr-qc/0204090 
Dalal, Neal; Holz, Daniel E.; Hughes, Scott A.; Jain, Bhuvnesh (2006), „Short GRB and binary black hole standard sirens as a probe of dark energy”, Phys.Rev., D74 (6): 063006, Bibcode:2006PhRvD..74f3006D, arXiv:astro-ph/0601275 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.063006
Danzmann, Karsten; Rüdiger, Albrecht (2003), „LISA Technology—Concepts, Status, Prospects” (PDF), Class. Quant. Grav., 20 (10): S1—S9, Bibcode:2003CQGra..20S...1D, doi:10.1088/0264-9381/20/10/301, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 26. 09. 2007. г., Приступљено 12. 03. 2017
Dirac, Paul (1996), General Theory of Relativity, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-01146-2
Donoghue, John F. (1995), „Introduction to the Effective Field Theory Description of Gravity”, Ур.: Cornet, Fernando, Effective Theories: Proceedings of the Advanced School, Almunecar, Spain, 26 June–1 July 1995, Singapore: World Scientific, стр. 12024, Bibcode:1995gr.qc....12024D, ISBN 978-981-02-2908-5, arXiv:gr-qc/9512024 
Duff, Michael (1996), „M-Theory (the Theory Formerly Known as Strings)”, Int. J. Mod. Phys., A11 (32): 5623—5641, Bibcode:1996IJMPA..11.5623D, arXiv:hep-th/9608117 , doi:10.1142/S0217751X96002583
Ehlers, Jürgen (1973), „Survey of general relativity theory”, Ур.: Israel, Werner, Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, D. Reidel, стр. 1—125, ISBN 978-90-277-0369-9
Ehlers, Jürgen; Falco, Emilio E.; Schneider, Peter (1992), Gravitational lenses, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-66506-9
Ehlers, Jürgen; Lämmerzahl, Claus, ур. (2006), Special Relativity—Will it Survive the Next 101 Years?, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-34522-0
Ehlers, Jürgen; Rindler, Wolfgang (1997), „Local and Global Light Bending in Einstein's and other Gravitational Theories”, General Relativity and Gravitation, 29 (4): 519—529, Bibcode:1997GReGr..29..519E, doi:10.1023/A:1018843001842
Einstein, Albert (1907), „Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogene Folgerungen” (PDF), Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, 4: 411, Приступљено 05. 05. 2008
Einstein, Albert (1915), „Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation”, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 844—847, Архивирано из оригинала 27. 10. 2016. г., Приступљено 12. 09. 2006
Einstein, Albert (1916), „Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik, 49: 769—822, Bibcode:1916AnP...354..769E, doi:10.1002/andp.19163540702, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 29. 08. 2006. г., Приступљено 14. 02. 2016
Einstein, Albert (1917), „Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: 142
Ellis, George F R; Van Elst, Henk (1999), Lachièze-Rey, Marc, ур., „Theoretical and Observational Cosmology: Cosmological models (Cargèse lectures 1998)”, Theoretical and observational cosmology : proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Theoretical and Observational Cosmology, Kluwer: 1—116, Bibcode:1999toc..conf....1E, ISBN 978-0-7923-5946-3, arXiv:gr-qc/9812046 , doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4455-1_1
Everitt, C. W. F.; Buchman, S.; DeBra, D. B.; Keiser, G. M. (2001), „Gravity Probe B: Countdown to launch”, Ур.: Lämmerzahl, C.; Everitt, C. W. F.; Hehl, F. W., Gyros, Clocks, and Interferometers: Testing Relativistic Gravity in Space (Lecture Notes in Physics 562), Springer, стр. 52—82, ISBN 978-3-540-41236-6
Everitt, C. W. F.; Parkinson, Bradford; Kahn, Bob (2007), The Gravity Probe B experiment. Post Flight Analysis—Final Report (Preface and Executive Summary) (PDF), Project Report: NASA, Stanford University and Lockheed Martin, Приступљено 05. 08. 2007
Falcke, Heino; Melia, Fulvio; Agol, Eric (2000), „Viewing the Shadow of the Black Hole at the Galactic Center”, Astrophysical Journal, 528 (1): L13—L16, Bibcode:2000ApJ...528L..13F, PMID 10587484, arXiv:astro-ph/9912263 , doi:10.1086/312423
Flanagan, Éanna É.; Hughes, Scott A. (2005), „The basics of gravitational wave theory”, New J.Phys., 7: 204, Bibcode:2005NJPh....7..204F, arXiv:gr-qc/0501041 , doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/204
Font, José A. (2003), „Numerical Hydrodynamics in General Relativity”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 6, doi:10.12942/lrr-2003-4, Приступљено 19. 08. 2007
Fourès-Bruhat, Yvonne (1952), „Théoréme d'existence pour certains systémes d'équations aux derivées partielles non linéaires”, Acta Mathematica, 88 (1): 141—225, Bibcode:1952AcM....88..141F, doi:10.1007/BF02392131
Frauendiener, Jörg (2004), „Conformal Infinity”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, Bibcode:2004LRR.....7....1F, doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-1, Приступљено 21. 07. 2007
Friedrich, Helmut (2005), „Is general relativity 'essentially understood'?”, Annalen der Physik, 15 (1–2): 84—108, Bibcode:2006AnP...518...84F, arXiv:gr-qc/0508016 , doi:10.1002/andp.200510173
Futamase, T.; Itoh, Y. (2006), „The Post-Newtonian Approximation for Relativistic Compact Binaries”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 10, doi:10.12942/lrr-2007-2, Приступљено 29. 02. 2008
Gamow, George (1970), My World Line, Viking Press, ISBN 978-0-670-50376-6
Garfinkle, David (2007), „Of singularities and breadmaking”, Einstein Online, Архивирано из оригинала 10. 08. 2007. г., Приступљено 03. 08. 2007
Geroch, Robert (1996). „Partial Differential Equations of Physics”. arXiv:gr-qc/9602055  [gr-qc].
Giulini, Domenico (2005), Special Relativity: A First Encounter, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-856746-2
Giulini, Domenico (2006), „Algebraic and Geometric Structures in Special Relativity”, Ур.: Ehlers, Jürgen; Lämmerzahl, Claus, Special Relativity—Will it Survive the Next 101 Years?, Springer, стр. 45—111, Bibcode:2006math.ph...2018G, ISBN 978-3-540-34522-0, arXiv:math-ph/0602018 , doi:10.1007/3-540-34523-X_4
Giulini, Domenico (2006), Stamatescu, I. O., ур., „An assessment of current paradigms in the physics of fundamental interactions: Some remarks on the notions of general covariance and background independence”, Approaches to Fundamental Physics, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer, 721: 105—120, Bibcode:2007LNP...721..105G, ISBN 978-3-540-71115-5, arXiv:gr-qc/0603087 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71117-9_6
Gnedin, Nickolay Y. (2005), „Digitizing the Universe”, Nature, 435 (7042): 572—573, Bibcode:2005Natur.435..572G, PMID 15931201, doi:10.1038/435572a
Goenner, Hubert F. M. (2004), „On the History of Unified Field Theories”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, Bibcode:2004LRR.....7....2G, doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-2, Приступљено 28. 02. 2008
Goroff, Marc H.; Sagnotti, Augusto (1985), „Quantum gravity at two loops”, Phys. Lett., 160B (1–3): 81—86, Bibcode:1985PhLB..160...81G, doi:10.1016/0370-2693(85)91470-4
Gourgoulhon, Eric (2007). „3+1 Formalism and Bases of Numerical Relativity”. arXiv:gr-qc/0703035  [gr-qc].
Gowdy, Robert H. (1971), „Gravitational Waves in Closed Universes”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 27 (12): 826—829, Bibcode:1971PhRvL..27..826G, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.27.826
Gowdy, Robert H. (1974), „Vacuum spacetimes with two-parameter spacelike isometry groups and compact invariant hypersurfaces: Topologies and boundary conditions”, Annals of Physics, 83 (1): 203—241, Bibcode:1974AnPhy..83..203G, doi:10.1016/0003-4916(74)90384-4
Green, M. B.; Schwarz, J. H.; Witten, E. (1987), Superstring theory. Volume 1: Introduction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-35752-4
Greenstein, J. L.; Oke, J. B.; Shipman, H. L. (1971), „Effective Temperature, Radius, and Gravitational Redshift of Sirius B”, Astrophysical Journal, 169: 563, Bibcode:1971ApJ...169..563G, doi:10.1086/151174
Hamber, Herbert W. (2009), Quantum Gravitation - The Feynman Path Integral Approach, Springer Publishing, ISBN 978-3-540-85292-6, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85293-3
Gödel, Kurt (1949). „An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solution of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation”. Rev. Mod. Phys. 21 (3): 447—450. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..447G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.447.
Hafele, J. C.; Keating, R. E. (14. 7. 1972). „Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Predicted Relativistic Time Gains”. Science. 177 (4044): 166—168. Bibcode:1972Sci...177..166H. PMID 17779917. doi:10.1126/science.177.4044.166.
Hafele, J. C.; Keating, R. E. (14. 7. 1972). „Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Observed Relativistic Time Gains”. Science. 177 (4044): 168—170. Bibcode:1972Sci...177..168H. PMID 17779918. doi:10.1126/science.177.4044.168.
Havas, P. (1964), „Four-Dimensional Formulation of Newtonian Mechanics and Their Relation to the Special and the General Theory of Relativity”, Rev. Mod. Phys., 36 (4): 938—965, Bibcode:1964RvMP...36..938H, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.36.938
Hawking, Stephen W. (1966), „The occurrence of singularities in cosmology”, Proceedings of the Royal Society, A294 (1439): 511—521, Bibcode:1966RSPSA.294..511H, JSTOR 2415489, doi:10.1098/rspa.1966.0221
Hawking, S. W. (1975), „Particle Creation by Black Holes”, Communications in Mathematical Physics, 43 (3): 199—220, Bibcode:1975CMaPh..43..199H, doi:10.1007/BF02345020
Hawking, Stephen W. (1987), „Quantum cosmology”, Ур.: Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner, 300 Years of Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, стр. 631—651, ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2
Hawking, Stephen W.; Ellis, George F. R. (1973), The large scale structure of space-time, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-09906-6
Heckmann, O. H. L.; Schücking, E. (1959), „Newtonsche und Einsteinsche Kosmologie”, Ур.: Flügge, S., Encyclopedia of Physics, 53, стр. 489
Heusler, Markus (1998), „Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-6, Приступљено 04. 08. 2007
Heusler, Markus (1996), Black Hole Uniqueness Theorems, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-56735-0
Hey, Tony; Walters, Patrick (2003), The new quantum universe, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-56457-1
Hough, Jim; Rowan, Sheila (2000), „Gravitational Wave Detection by Interferometry (Ground and Space)”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 3, Приступљено 21. 07. 2007
Hubble, Edwin (1929), „A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae” (PDF), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 15 (3): 168—173, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H, PMC 522427 , PMID 16577160, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
Hulse, Russell A.; Taylor, Joseph H. (1975), „Discovery of a pulsar in a binary system”, Astrophys. J., 195: L51—L55, Bibcode:1975ApJ...195L..51H, doi:10.1086/181708
Ibanez, L. E. (2000), „The second string (phenomenology) revolution”, Class. Quant. Grav., 17 (5): 1117—1128, Bibcode:2000CQGra..17.1117I, arXiv:hep-ph/9911499 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/17/5/321
Iorio, L. (2009), „An Assessment of the Systematic Uncertainty in Present and Future Tests of the Lense-Thirring Effect with Satellite Laser Ranging”, Space Sci. Rev., 148 (1–4): 363—381, Bibcode:2009SSRv..148..363I, arXiv:0809.1373 , doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9478-1
Isham, Christopher J. (1994), „Prima facie questions in quantum gravity”, Ур.: Ehlers, Jürgen; Friedrich, Helmut, Canonical Gravity: From Classical to Quantum, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-58339-4
Israel, Werner (1971), „Event Horizons and Gravitational Collapse”, General Relativity and Gravitation, 2 (1): 53—59, Bibcode:1971GReGr...2...53I, doi:10.1007/BF02450518
Israel, Werner (1987), „Dark stars: the evolution of an idea”, Ур.: Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner, 300 Years of Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, стр. 199—276, ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2
Janssen, Michel (2005), „Of pots and holes: Einstein's bumpy road to general relativity”, Annalen der Physik, 14 (S1): 58—85, Bibcode:2005AnP...517S..58J, doi:10.1002/andp.200410130, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 25. 08. 2020. г., Приступљено 12. 03. 2017
Jaranowski, Piotr; Królak, Andrzej (2005), „Gravitational-Wave Data Analysis. Formalism and Sample Applications: The Gaussian Case”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 8, doi:10.12942/lrr-2005-3, Приступљено 30. 07. 2007
Kahn, Bob (1996), Gravity Probe B Website, Stanford University, Приступљено 20. 04. 2012
Kahn, Bob (14. 4. 2007), Was Einstein right? Scientists provide first public peek at Gravity Probe B results (Stanford University Press Release) (PDF), Stanford University News Service
Kamionkowski, Marc; Kosowsky, Arthur; Stebbins, Albert (1997), „Statistics of Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization”, Phys. Rev., D55 (12): 7368—7388, Bibcode:1997PhRvD..55.7368K, arXiv:astro-ph/9611125 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.7368
Kennefick, Daniel (2005), „Astronomers Test General Relativity: Light-bending and the Solar Redshift”, Ур.: Renn, Jürgen, One hundred authors for Einstein, Wiley-VCH, стр. 178—181, ISBN 978-3-527-40574-9
Kennefick, Daniel (2007), „Not Only Because of Theory: Dyson, Eddington and the Competing Myths of the 1919 Eclipse Expedition”, Proceedings of the 7th Conference on the History of General Relativity, Tenerife, 2005, 0709, стр. 685, Bibcode:2007arXiv0709.0685K, arXiv:0709.0685 
Kenyon, I. R. (1990), General Relativity, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-851996-6
Kochanek, C.S.; Falco, E.E.; Impey, C.; Lehar, J. (2007), CASTLES Survey Website, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Приступљено 21. 08. 2007
Komar, Arthur (1959), „Covariant Conservation Laws in General Relativity”, Phys. Rev., 113 (3): 934—936, Bibcode:1959PhRv..113..934K, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.113.934
Kramer, Michael (2004), Karshenboim, S. G.; Peik, E., ур., „Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants: Millisecond Pulsars as Tools of Fundamental Physics”, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer, 648: 33—54, Bibcode:2004LNP...648...33K, ISBN 978-3-540-21967-5, arXiv:astro-ph/0405178 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-40991-5_3
Kramer, M.; Stairs, I. H.; Manchester, R. N.; McLaughlin, M. A.; Lyne, A. G.; Ferdman, R. D.; Burgay, M.; Lorimer, D. R.; et al. (2006), „Tests of general relativity from timing the double pulsar”, Science, 314 (5796): 97—102, Bibcode:2006Sci...314...97K, PMID 16973838, arXiv:astro-ph/0609417 , doi:10.1126/science.1132305
Kraus, Ute (1998), „Light Deflection Near Neutron Stars”, Relativistic Astrophysics, Vieweg, стр. 66—81, ISBN 978-3-528-06909-4
Kuchař, Karel (1973), „Canonical Quantization of Gravity”, Ур.: Israel, Werner, Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, D. Reidel, стр. 237—288, ISBN 978-90-277-0369-9
Künzle, H. P. (1972), „Galilei and Lorentz Structures on spacetime: comparison of the corresponding geometry and physics”, Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré A, 17: 337—362
Lahav, Ofer; Suto, Yasushi (2004), „Measuring our Universe from Galaxy Redshift Surveys”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, Bibcode:2004LRR.....7....8L, arXiv:astro-ph/0310642 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-8, Приступљено 19. 08. 2007
Landgraf, M.; Hechler, M.; Kemble, S. (2005), „Mission design for LISA Pathfinder”, Class. Quant. Grav., 22 (10): S487—S492, Bibcode:2005CQGra..22S.487L, arXiv:gr-qc/0411071 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/22/10/048
Lehner, Luis (2001), „Numerical Relativity: A review”, Class. Quant. Grav., 18 (17): R25—R86, Bibcode:2001CQGra..18R..25L, arXiv:gr-qc/0106072 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/18/17/202
Lehner, Luis (2002), „NUMERICAL RELATIVITY: STATUS AND PROSPECTS”, General Relativity and Gravitation - Proceedings of the 16th International Conference, стр. 210, Bibcode:2002grg..conf..210L, ISBN 978-981-238-171-2, arXiv:gr-qc/0202055 , doi:10.1142/9789812776556_0010
Linde, Andrei (1990), Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology, Harwood, стр. 3203, Bibcode:2005hep.th....3203L, ISBN 978-3-7186-0489-0, arXiv:hep-th/0503203 
Linde, Andrei (2005), „Towards inflation in string theory”, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 24: 151—160, Bibcode:2005JPhCS..24..151L, arXiv:hep-th/0503195 , doi:10.1088/1742-6596/24/1/018
Loll, Renate (1998), „Discrete Approaches to Quantum Gravity in Four Dimensions”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, Bibcode:1998LRR.....1...13L, arXiv:gr-qc/9805049 , doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-13, Приступљено 09. 03. 2008
Lovelock, David (1972), „The Four-Dimensionality of Space and the Einstein Tensor”, J. Math. Phys., 13 (6): 874—876, Bibcode:1972JMP....13..874L, doi:10.1063/1.1666069
Ludyk, Günter (2013). Einstein in Matrix Form (1st изд.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-35797-8.
MacCallum, M. (2006), „Finding and using exact solutions of the Einstein equations”, Ур.: Mornas, L.; Alonso, J. D., AIP Conference Proceedings (A Century of Relativity Physics: ERE05, the XXVIII Spanish Relativity Meeting), 841, American Institute of Physics, стр. 129, Bibcode:2006AIPC..841..129M, arXiv:gr-qc/0601102 , doi:10.1063/1.2218172
Maddox, John (1998), What Remains To Be Discovered, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-684-82292-1
Mannheim, Philip D. (2006), „Alternatives to Dark Matter and Dark Energy”, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys., 56 (2): 340—445, Bibcode:2006PrPNP..56..340M, arXiv:astro-ph/0505266 , doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2005.08.001
Mather, J. C.; Cheng, E. S.; Cottingham, D. A.; Eplee, R. E.; Fixsen, D. J.; Hewagama, T.; Isaacman, R. B.; Jensen, K. A.; et al. (1994), „Measurement of the cosmic microwave spectrum by the COBE FIRAS instrument”, Astrophysical Journal, 420: 439—444, Bibcode:1994ApJ...420..439M, doi:10.1086/173574
Mermin, N. David (2005), It's About Time. Understanding Einstein's Relativity, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12201-4
Messiah, Albert (1999), Quantum Mechanics, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-40924-5
Miller, Cole (2002), Stellar Structure and Evolution (Lecture notes for Astronomy 606), University of Maryland, Приступљено 25. 07. 2007
Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip. S.; Wheeler, John A. (1973), Gravitation, W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0
Møller, Christian (1952), The Theory of Relativity (3rd изд.), Oxford University Press
Narayan, Ramesh (2006), „Black holes in astrophysics”, New Journal of Physics, 7: 199, Bibcode:2005NJPh....7..199N, arXiv:gr-qc/0506078 , doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/199
Narayan, Ramesh; Bartelmann, Matthias (1997). „Lectures on Gravitational Lensing”. arXiv:astro-ph/9606001  [astro-ph].
Narlikar, Jayant V. (1993), Introduction to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-41250-6
Nieto, Michael Martin (2006), „The quest to understand the Pioneer anomaly” (PDF), EurophysicsNews, 37 (6): 30—34, Bibcode:2006ENews..37...30N, doi:10.1051/epn:2006604
Nordström, Gunnar (1918), „On the Energy of the Gravitational Field in Einstein's Theory”, Verhandl. Koninkl. Ned. Akad. Wetenschap., 26: 1238—1245
Nordtvedt, Kenneth (2003). „Lunar Laser Ranging—a comprehensive probe of post-Newtonian gravity”. arXiv:gr-qc/0301024  [gr-qc].
Norton, John D. (1985), „What was Einstein's principle of equivalence?” (PDF), Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 16 (3): 203—246, doi:10.1016/0039-3681(85)90002-0, Приступљено 11. 06. 2007
Ohanian, Hans C.; Ruffini, Remo (1994), Gravitation and Spacetime, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-96501-8
Olive, K. A.; Skillman, E. A. (2004), „A Realistic Determination of the Error on the Primordial Helium Abundance”, Astrophysical Journal, 617 (1): 29—49, Bibcode:2004ApJ...617...29O, arXiv:astro-ph/0405588 , doi:10.1086/425170
O'Meara, John M.; Tytler, David; Kirkman, David; Suzuki, Nao; Prochaska, Jason X.; Lubin, Dan; Wolfe, Arthur M. (2001), „The Deuterium to Hydrogen Abundance Ratio Towards a Fourth QSO: HS0105+1619”, Astrophysical Journal, 552 (2): 718—730, Bibcode:2001ApJ...552..718O, arXiv:astro-ph/0011179 , doi:10.1086/320579
Oppenheimer, J. Robert; Snyder, H. (1939), „On continued gravitational contraction”, Physical Review, 56 (5): 455—459, Bibcode:1939PhRv...56..455O, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.455
Overbye, Dennis (1999), Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: the story of the scientific quest for the secret of the Universe, Back Bay, ISBN 978-0-316-64896-7
Pais, Abraham (1982), 'Subtle is the Lord ...' The Science and life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-853907-0
Peacock, John A. (1999), Cosmological Physics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-41072-4
Peebles, P. J. E. (1966), „Primordial Helium abundance and primordial fireball II”, Astrophysical Journal, 146: 542—552, Bibcode:1966ApJ...146..542P, doi:10.1086/148918
Peebles, P. J. E. (1993), Principles of physical cosmology, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-01933-8
Peebles, P.J.E.; Schramm, D.N.; Turner, E.L.; Kron, R.G. (1991), „The case for the relativistic hot Big Bang cosmology”, Nature, 352 (6338): 769—776, Bibcode:1991Natur.352..769P, doi:10.1038/352769a0
Penrose, Roger (1965), „Gravitational collapse and spacetime singularities”, Physical Review Letters, 14 (3): 57—59, Bibcode:1965PhRvL..14...57P, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57
Penrose, Roger (1969), „Gravitational collapse: the role of general relativity”, Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, 1: 252—276, Bibcode:1969NCimR...1..252P
Penrose, Roger (2004), The Road to Reality, A. A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-679-45443-4
Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (1965), „A measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080 Mc/s”, Astrophysical Journal, 142: 419—421, Bibcode:1965ApJ...142..419P, doi:10.1086/148307
Peskin, Michael E.; Schroeder, Daniel V. (1995), An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-50397-5
Peskin, Michael E. (2007), „Dark Matter and Particle Physics”, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 76 (11): 111017, Bibcode:2007JPSJ...76k1017P, arXiv:0707.1536 , doi:10.1143/JPSJ.76.111017
Poisson, Eric (2004), „The Motion of Point Particles in Curved Spacetime”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-6, Приступљено 13. 06. 2007
Poisson, Eric (2004), A Relativist's Toolkit. The Mathematics of Black-Hole Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-83091-1
Polchinski, Joseph (1998), String Theory Vol. I: An Introduction to the Bosonic String, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-63303-1
Polchinski, Joseph (1998), String Theory Vol. II: Superstring Theory and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-63304-8
Pound, R. V.; Rebka, G. A. (1959), „Gravitational Red-Shift in Nuclear Resonance”, Physical Review Letters, 3 (9): 439—441, Bibcode:1959PhRvL...3..439P, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.3.439
Pound, R. V.; Rebka, G. A. (1960), „Apparent weight of photons”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 4 (7): 337—341, Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..337P, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.337
Pound, R. V.; Snider, J. L. (1964), „Effect of Gravity on Nuclear Resonance”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 13 (18): 539—540, Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..539P, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.539
Ramond, Pierre (1990), Field Theory: A Modern Primer, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-54611-8
Rees, Martin (1966), „Appearance of Relativistically Expanding Radio Sources”, Nature, 211 (5048): 468—470, Bibcode:1966Natur.211..468R, doi:10.1038/211468a0
Reissner, H. (1916), „Über die Eigengravitation des elektrischen Feldes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie”, Annalen der Physik, 355 (9): 106—120, Bibcode:1916AnP...355..106R, doi:10.1002/andp.19163550905
Remillard, Ronald A.; Lin, Dacheng; Cooper, Randall L.; Narayan, Ramesh (2006), „The Rates of Type I X-Ray Bursts from Transients Observed with RXTE: Evidence for Black Hole Event Horizons”, Astrophysical Journal, 646 (1): 407—419, Bibcode:2006ApJ...646..407R, arXiv:astro-ph/0509758 , doi:10.1086/504862
Renn, Jürgen, ур. (2007), The Genesis of General Relativity (4 Volumes), Dordrecht: Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-3999-7
Renn, Jürgen, ур. (2005), Albert Einstein—Chief Engineer of the Universe: Einstein's Life and Work in Context, Berlin: Wiley-VCH, ISBN 978-3-527-40571-8
Reula, Oscar A. (1998), „Hyperbolic Methods for Einstein's Equations”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, Bibcode:1998LRR.....1....3R, doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-3, Приступљено 29. 08. 2007
Rindler, Wolfgang (2001), Relativity. Special, General and Cosmological, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850836-6
Rindler, Wolfgang (1991), Introduction to Special Relativity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-853952-0
Robson, Ian (1996), Active galactic nuclei, John Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-95853-6
Roulet, E.; Mollerach, S. (1997), „Microlensing”, Physics Reports, 279 (2): 67—118, Bibcode:1997PhR...279...67R, arXiv:astro-ph/9603119 , doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(96)00020-8
Rovelli, Carlo (2000). „Notes for a brief history of quantum gravity”. arXiv:gr-qc/0006061  [gr-qc].
Rovelli, Carlo (1998), „Loop Quantum Gravity”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-1, Приступљено 13. 03. 2008
Schäfer, Gerhard (2004), „Gravitomagnetic Effects”, General Relativity and Gravitation, 36 (10): 2223—2235, Bibcode:2004GReGr..36.2223S, arXiv:gr-qc/0407116 , doi:10.1023/B:GERG.0000046180.97877.32
Schödel, R.; Ott, T.; Genzel, R.; Eckart, A.; Mouawad, N.; Alexander, T. (2003), „Stellar Dynamics in the Central Arcsecond of Our Galaxy”, Astrophysical Journal, 596 (2): 1015—1034, Bibcode:2003ApJ...596.1015S, arXiv:astro-ph/0306214 , doi:10.1086/378122
Schutz, Bernard F. (1985), A first course in general relativity, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-27703-7
Schutz, Bernard F. (2001), „Gravitational radiation”, Ур.: Murdin, Paul, Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Grove's Dictionaries, ISBN 978-1-56159-268-5
Schutz, Bernard F. (2003), Gravity from the ground up, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-45506-0
Schwarz, John H. (2007), „String Theory: Progress and Problems”, Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement, 170: 214—226, Bibcode:2007PThPS.170..214S, arXiv:hep-th/0702219 , doi:10.1143/PTPS.170.214
Schwarzschild, Karl (1916), „Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie”, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. D. Wiss.: 189—196
Schwarzschild, Karl (1916), „Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie”, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. D. Wiss.: 424—434
Seidel, Edward (1998), „Numerical Relativity: Towards Simulations of 3D Black Hole Coalescence”, Ур.: Narlikar, J. V.; Dadhich, N., Gravitation and Relativity: At the turn of the millennium (Proceedings of the GR-15 Conference, held at IUCAA, Pune, India, December 16–21, 1997), IUCAA, стр. 6088, Bibcode:1998gr.qc.....6088S, ISBN 978-81-900378-3-9, arXiv:gr-qc/9806088 
Seljak, Uros̆; Zaldarriaga, Matias (1997), „Signature of Gravity Waves in the Polarization of the Microwave Background”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 78 (11): 2054—2057, Bibcode:1997PhRvL..78.2054S, arXiv:astro-ph/9609169 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2054
Shapiro, S. S.; Davis, J. L.; Lebach, D. E.; Gregory, J. S. (2004), „Measurement of the solar gravitational deflection of radio waves using geodetic very-long-baseline interferometry data, 1979–1999”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 92 (12): 121101, Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92l1101S, PMID 15089661, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.121101
Shapiro, Irwin I. (1964), „Fourth test of general relativity”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 13 (26): 789—791, Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..789S, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.789
Shapiro, I. I.; Pettengill, Gordon; Ash, Michael; Stone, Melvin; Smith, William; Ingalls, Richard; Brockelman, Richard (1968), „Fourth test of general relativity: preliminary results”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 20 (22): 1265—1269, Bibcode:1968PhRvL..20.1265S, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.20.1265
Singh, Simon (2004), Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe, Fourth Estate, ISBN 978-0-00-715251-3
Sorkin, Rafael D. (2005), „Causal Sets: Discrete Gravity”, Ур.: Gomberoff, Andres; Marolf, Donald, Lectures on Quantum Gravity, Springer, стр. 9009, Bibcode:2003gr.qc.....9009S, ISBN 978-0-387-23995-8, arXiv:gr-qc/0309009 
Sorkin, Rafael D. (1997), „Forks in the Road, on the Way to Quantum Gravity”, Int. J. Theor. Phys., 36 (12): 2759—2781, Bibcode:1997IJTP...36.2759S, arXiv:gr-qc/9706002 , doi:10.1007/BF02435709
Spergel, D. N.; Verde, L.; Peiris, H. V.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Bennett, C. L.; Halpern, M.; Hinshaw, G.; et al. (2003), „First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters”, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 148 (1): 175—194, Bibcode:2003ApJS..148..175S, arXiv:astro-ph/0302209 , doi:10.1086/377226
Spergel, D. N.; Bean, R.; Doré, O.; Nolta, M. R.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Hinshaw, G.; Jarosik, N.; et al. (2007), „Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology”, Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 170 (2): 377—408, Bibcode:2007ApJS..170..377S, arXiv:astro-ph/0603449 , doi:10.1086/513700
Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M.; Jenkins, Adrian; Frenk, Carlos S.; Yoshida, Naoki; Gao, Liang; Navarro, Julio; Thacker, Robert; et al. (2005), „Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars”, Nature, 435 (7042): 629—636, Bibcode:2005Natur.435..629S, PMID 15931216, arXiv:astro-ph/0504097 , doi:10.1038/nature03597
Stairs, Ingrid H. (2003), „Testing General Relativity with Pulsar Timing”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 6, Bibcode:2003LRR.....6....5S, arXiv:astro-ph/0307536 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2003-5, Приступљено 21. 07. 2007
Stephani, H.; Kramer, D.; MacCallum, M.; Hoenselaers, C.; Herlt, E. (2003), Exact Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations (2 изд.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-46136-8
Synge, J. L. (1972), Relativity: The Special Theory, North-Holland Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-7204-0064-9
Szabados, László B. (2004), „Quasi-Local Energy-Momentum and Angular Momentum in GR”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-4, Приступљено 23. 08. 2007
Taylor, Joseph H. (1994), „Binary pulsars and relativistic gravity”, Rev. Mod. Phys., 66 (3): 711—719, Bibcode:1994RvMP...66..711T, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.66.711
Thiemann, Thomas (2006), „Approaches to Fundamental Physics: Loop Quantum Gravity: An Inside View”, Lecture Notes in Physics, 721: 185—263, Bibcode:2007LNP...721..185T, ISBN 978-3-540-71115-5, arXiv:hep-th/0608210 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71117-9_10
Thiemann, Thomas (2003), „Lectures on Loop Quantum Gravity”, Lecture Notes in Physics, 631: 41—135, Bibcode:2003LNP...631...41T, ISBN 978-3-540-40810-9, arXiv:gr-qc/0210094 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45230-0_3
't Hooft, Gerard; Veltman, Martinus (1974), „One Loop Divergencies in the Theory of Gravitation”, Ann. Inst. Poincare, 20: 69
Thorne, Kip S. (1972), „Nonspherical Gravitational Collapse—A Short Review”, Ур.: Klauder, J., Magic without Magic, W. H. Freeman, стр. 231—258
Thorne, Kip S. (1994), Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy, W W Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-31276-8
Thorne, Kip S. (1995), „Gravitational radiation”, Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics and Cosmology in the Next Millenium: 160, Bibcode:1995pnac.conf..160T, ISBN 978-0-521-36853-7, arXiv:gr-qc/9506086 
Townsend, Paul K. (1997). „Black Holes (Lecture notes)”. arXiv:gr-qc/9707012  [gr-qc].
Townsend, Paul K. (1996). „Four Lectures on M-Theory”. arXiv:hep-th/9612121  [hep-th].
Traschen, Jenny (2000), Bytsenko, A.; Williams, F., ур., „An Introduction to Black Hole Evaporation”, Mathematical Methods of Physics (Proceedings of the 1999 Londrina Winter School), World Scientific: 180, Bibcode:2000mmp..conf..180T, arXiv:gr-qc/0010055 
Trautman, Andrzej (2006), „Einstein–Cartan theory”, Ур.: Françoise, J.-P.; Naber, G. L.; Tsou, S. T., Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 2, Elsevier, стр. 189—195, Bibcode:2006gr.qc.....6062T, arXiv:gr-qc/0606062 
Unruh, W. G. (1976), „Notes on Black Hole Evaporation”, Phys. Rev. D, 14 (4): 870—892, Bibcode:1976PhRvD..14..870U, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.870
Valtonen, M. J.; Lehto, H. J.; Nilsson, K.; Heidt, J.; Takalo, L. O.; Sillanpää, A.; Villforth, C.; Kidger, M.; et al. (2008), „A massive binary black-hole system in OJ 287 and a test of general relativity”, Nature, 452 (7189): 851—853, Bibcode:2008Natur.452..851V, PMID 18421348, arXiv:0809.1280 , doi:10.1038/nature06896
Veltman, Martinus (1975), „Quantum Theory of Gravitation”, Ур.: Balian, Roger; Zinn-Justin, Jean, Methods in Field Theory - Les Houches Summer School in Theoretical Physics., 77, North Holland
Wald, Robert M. (1975), „On Particle Creation by Black Holes”, Commun. Math. Phys., 45 (3): 9—34, Bibcode:1975CMaPh..45....9W, doi:10.1007/BF01609863
Wald, Robert M. (1984), General Relativity, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-87033-5
Wald, Robert M. (1994), Quantum field theory in curved spacetime and black hole thermodynamics, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-87027-4
Wald, Robert M. (2001), „The Thermodynamics of Black Holes”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 4, Bibcode:2001LRR.....4....6W, doi:10.12942/lrr-2001-6, Приступљено 08. 08. 2007
Walsh, D.; Carswell, R. F.; Weymann, R. J. (1979), „0957 + 561 A, B: twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens?”, Nature, 279 (5712): 381—4, Bibcode:1979Natur.279..381W, PMID 16068158, doi:10.1038/279381a0
Wambsganss, Joachim (1998), „Gravitational Lensing in Astronomy”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, Bibcode:1998LRR.....1...12W, arXiv:astro-ph/9812021 , doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-12, Приступљено 20. 07. 2007
Weinberg, Steven (1972), Gravitation and Cosmology, John Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-92567-5
Weinberg, Steven (1995), The Quantum Theory of Fields I: Foundations, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-55001-7
Weinberg, Steven (1996), The Quantum Theory of Fields II: Modern Applications, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-55002-4
Weinberg, Steven (2000), The Quantum Theory of Fields III: Supersymmetry, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-66000-6
Weisberg, Joel M.; Taylor, Joseph H. (2003), „The Relativistic Binary Pulsar B1913+16"”, Ур.: Bailes, M.; Nice, D. J.; Thorsett, S. E., Proceedings of "Radio Pulsars," Chania, Crete, August, 2002, ASP Conference Series
Weiss, Achim (2006), „Elements of the past: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation”, Einstein Online, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Архивирано из оригинала 08. 02. 2007. г., Приступљено 24. 02. 2007
Wheeler, John A. (1990), A Journey Into Gravity and Spacetime, Scientific American Library, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-6034-4
Will, Clifford M. (1993), Theory and experiment in gravitational physics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43973-2
Will, Clifford M. (2006), „The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 9, Bibcode:2006LRR.....9....3W, arXiv:gr-qc/0510072 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2006-3, Приступљено 12. 06. 2007
Zwiebach, Barton (2004), A First Course in String Theory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-83143-7
Geroch, R (1981). General Relativity from A to B. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28864-2.
Lieber, Lillian (2008). The Einstein Theory of Relativity: A Trip to the Fourth Dimension. Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58988-044-3.
Wald, Robert M. (1992). Space, Time, and Gravity: the Theory of the Big Bang and Black Holes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87029-8.
Wheeler, John; Ford, Kenneth (1998). Geons, Black Holes, & Quantum Foam: a life in physics. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31991-0.

Beginning undergraduate textbooks

Callahan, James J. (2000). The Geometry of Spacetime: an Introduction to Special and General Relativity. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98641-8.
Taylor, Edwin F.; Wheeler, John Archibald (2000). Exploring Black Holes: Introduction to General Relativity. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-38423-9.
B. F. Schutz (2009). A First Course in General Relativity (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88705-2.
Cheng, Ta-Pei (2005). Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology: a Basic Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852957-6.
Gron, O.; Hervik, S. (2007). Einstein's General theory of Relativity. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-69199-2.
Hartle, James B. (2003). Gravity: an Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8662-2.
Hughston, L. P.; Tod, K. P. (1991). Introduction to General Relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33943-8.
d'Inverno, Ray (1992). Introducing Einstein's Relativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-859686-8.
Ludyk, Günter (2013). Einstein in Matrix Form (1st изд.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-35797-8.
Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8732-2.
Grøn, Øyvind; Hervik, Sigbjørn (2007). Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-69199-2.
Landau, Lev D.; Lifshitz, Evgeny F. (1980). The Classical Theory of Fields (4th изд.). London: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-2768-9.
Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip. S.; Wheeler, John A. (1973). Gravitation. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0.
Stephani, Hans (1990). General Relativity: An Introduction to the Theory of the Gravitational Field. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37941-0.
Wald, Robert M. (1984). General Relativity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87033-5.

Спољашње везе

Релативност: специјална и општа теорија Архивирано на веб-сајту Wayback Machine (9. мај 2008) (ПДФ)
Ајнштајн онлајн – Чланци о разним аспектима релативистичке физике за опште читалаштво; хостује Макс Планк институт за гравитациону физику
NCSA Spacetime Wrinkles – produced by the numerical relativity group at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, with an elementary introduction to general relativity
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity на веб-сајту YouTube (lecture by Leonard Susskind recorded September 22, 2008 at Stanford University).
Series of lectures on General Relativity given in 2006 at the Institut Henri Poincaré (introductory/advanced).
General Relativity Tutorials by John Baez.
Brown, Kevin. „Reflections on relativity”. Mathpages.com. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 12. 2015. г. Приступљено 29. 5. 2005.
Carroll, Sean M. „Lecture Notes on General Relativity”. Приступљено 5. 1. 2014.
Moor, Rafi. „Understanding General Relativity”. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 12. 2015. г. Приступљено 11. 7. 2006.
Waner, Stefan. „Introduction to Differential Geometry and General Relativity”. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 19. 04. 2015. г. Приступљено 05. 04. 2015.

[1] Albert Einstein: Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. U: Annalen der Physik. 49, 1916, S. 769–822 (Faksimil Архивирано на веб-сајту Wayback Machine (23. август 2006), PDF)

[2] O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson (1996), "General relativity". Mathematical Physics index, School of Mathematics and Statistics Архивирано на веб-сајту Wayback Machine (5. децембар 2015), University of St. Andrews, Scotland, May, 1996. Приступљено 2015-02-04.

[1]

[2]

Општа теорија релативности

Постулати и структура теорије

Референце

Литература

Спољашње везе

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia