Sjongnu

Područje rasprostiranja naroda Sjungnu (zeleno) oko 250. p. n. e. koje uključuje područja kao što su: Mongolija, Zapadna Mandžurija, Tarimska zavala, istočni Kazahstan, istočni Kirgistan, te kineske pokrajine Unutrašnja Mongolija i Gansu

Sjungnu (), naziv je za konfederaciju nomadskih plemena središnje Azije,^[1] na čijem je čelu bila vladajuća klasa nepoznatog porekla. Većina informacija o Sjungnima dolazi iz kineskih izvora, pa su imena i titule poznata isključivo po kineskim transliteracijama.

Identitet i podreklo vladajuće klase Sjungnua je zbog malog broja sačuvanih imena, titula i reči, predmet brojnih i različitih hipoteza među istoričarima. Kao mogući preci, odnosno srodnici Sjungnua se spominju razni iranski, mongolski, turkijski i jenisejski narodi^[2]^[3] Prilično je popularna hipoteza kojoj su Sjungnu zapravo Huni, iako za to nema čvrstih dokaza.^[3]^[4]

Kineski izvori iz 3. veka p. n. e. navode kako su Sjungnu stvorili carstvo pod Modu Čanjuom (koji je postao njihov vrhovni vođa 209. p. n. e.)^[5] a koje se prostiralo preko granica današnje Mongolije. U drugom veku pne porazili su i u progonstvo najerali dotada dominantni narod Juedži, te postali gospodarima stepa na severu današnje Kine. Takođe su bili aktivni u južnom Sibiru, zapadnoj Mandžuriji i savremenim kineskim pokrajinama Unutrašnja Mongolija, Gansu i Sinkjang. Ta nomadska plemena su se smatrala toliko moćnim da je dinastija Ćin otpočela izgradnju Velikog zida kako bi zaštitila Kinu od njihovih napadaja. Odnosi Sjungnua i ranih kineskih dinastija su bili složeni, od čestih vojnih sukoba i intriga, preko složenih sistema plaćanja danka, trgovine i bračnih saveza.

Reference

^ „Xiongnu People”. britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 03. 2020. г. Приступљено 25. 7. 2015.
^ Adas 2001, стр. 88
^ ^а ^б Beckwith (2009) 404-405, nn. 51-52.
^ Vaissière 2006
^ di Cosmo 2004: 186

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