互卤化物

互卤化物也称卤素间化合物，是指卤素之间形成的化合物，通式为XY_n，其中X重于Y，n通常为奇数。

	F	Cl	Br	I	At
F	F₂
Cl	ClF、ClF₃、ClF₅	Cl₂
Br	BrF、BrF₃、BrF₅	BrCl	Br₂
I	IF、IF₃、IF₅、IF₇	ICl、I₂Cl₆	IBr、IBr₃	I₂
At	—	AtCl	AtBr	AtI	At₂(?)

目前未发现有由三种或以上的卤素组成的互卤化物，^[1] 尽管一些书籍说明IFCl
2 和 IF
2Cl 已被合成，^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] 并且理论上，通式为 BrClF
n的化合物是稳定的。^[6]

类型

XY型：ClF、BrF、IF、BrCl、ICl、AtCl（英语：Astatine monochloride）、IBr、AtBr、AtI
XY₃型：ClF₃、BrF₃、IF₃、I₂Cl₆
XY₅型：ClF₅、BrF₅、IF₅
XY₇型：IF₇

特性

互卤化物都是小分子共价化合物。熔点、沸点都较低。大多不稳定（常见的卤素互化物的反应活性为ClF₃﹥BrF₅﹥IF₇﹥ClF﹥BrF₃﹥IF₅﹥BrF ），易水解，并且各种化合物水解产物也不尽相同。水解产物中如果有不稳定的物种如次碘酸、亚氯酸等的存在则这些产物有可能继续分解，生成更多的产物。如三氟化溴与水反应的产物包括溴酸、溴单质、氧气和氟化氢等，另外一些反应活性更高的物质如三氟化氯与水则甚至产生如二氟化氧、一氟氧化氯等更多产物。

用途

互卤化物主要用作卤化剂。但是部分反应活性高的如三氟化氯则应用在一些诸如铀的提取、火箭的高能燃料等特殊领域。

一些互卤化物，如 BrF₃、 IF₅和 ICl是好的卤化剂。 BrF₅ 太活泼而不能产生氟。除此之外，一氯化碘具有多种用途，包括帮助测量油脂的饱和度，以及作为某些化学反应的催化剂。还有一些互卤化物，包括 IF₇，可用于合成多卤阴离子（英语：polyhalide）。^[1]

参见

氧族元素互化物（英语：Interchalcogen）
卤化氢

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Saxena, P. B. Chemistry Of Interhalogen Compounds. 2007 [February 27, 2013]. ISBN 9788183562430.
^ Greenwood, Norman Neill; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the elements. 2016: 824. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 1040112384 （英语）.
^ Meyers, Robert A. (编). Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology: Inorganic Chemistry 3rd. Academic Press. 2001 [2020-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-12-227410-7. （原始内容存档于2017-10-30）. A few ternary compounds, such as IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl, are also known [no source given].
^ Murthy, C. Parameshwara. University Chemistry 1. New Age International. 2008: 675. ISBN 978-8122407426. The only two interhalogen compounds are IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl [no source given].
^ Sahoo, Balaram; Nayak, Nimai Charan; Samantaray, Asutosh; Pujapanda, Prafulla Kumar. Inorganic Chemistry. PHI Learning. 2012. ISBN 978-8120343085. Only a few ternary interhalogen compounds such as IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl have been prepared [no source given].
^ Ignatyev, Igor S.; Schaefer, Henry F., III. Bromine Halides: The Neutral Molecules BrClF
n (n = 1–5) and Their Anions — Structures, Energetics, and Electron Affinities. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1999, 121 (29): 6904–6910. doi:10.1021/ja990144h.

扩展阅读

Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
Kugler, H. K.; Keller, C. 'At, Astatine', system no. 8a. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry 8 8th. Springer-Verlag. 1985. ISBN 3-540-93516-9.
Zuckerman, J. J.; Hagen, A. P. Inorganic Reactions and Methods, the Formation of Bonds to Halogens. John Wiley & Sons. 1989. ISBN 978-0-471-18656-4.

外部链接

[Chemistry_of_Interhalogens-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Saxena, P. B. Chemistry Of Interhalogen Compounds. 2007 [February 27, 2013]. ISBN 9788183562430.

[2] Greenwood, Norman Neill; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the elements. 2016: 824. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 1040112384 （英语）.

[Meyers-3] Meyers, Robert A. (编). Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology: Inorganic Chemistry 3rd. Academic Press. 2001 [2020-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-12-227410-7. （原始内容存档于2017-10-30）. A few ternary compounds, such as IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl, are also known [no source given].

[Murthy-4] Murthy, C. Parameshwara. University Chemistry 1. New Age International. 2008: 675. ISBN 978-8122407426. The only two interhalogen compounds are IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl [no source given].

[Sahoo-5] Sahoo, Balaram; Nayak, Nimai Charan; Samantaray, Asutosh; Pujapanda, Prafulla Kumar. Inorganic Chemistry. PHI Learning. 2012. ISBN 978-8120343085. Only a few ternary interhalogen compounds such as IFCl
2 and IF
2Cl have been prepared [no source given].

[Ignatiev-6] Ignatyev, Igor S.; Schaefer, Henry F., III. Bromine Halides: The Neutral Molecules BrClF
n (n = 1–5) and Their Anions — Structures, Energetics, and Electron Affinities. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1999, 121 (29): 6904–6910. doi:10.1021/ja990144h.

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互卤化物

类型

特性

用途

相关化合物

参见

参考资料

扩展阅读

外部链接

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