學者伯納德·韋斯（英语：Bernard G. Weiss）解釋，沙里亞是立法的產物，體現真主的意志，而斐格海則牽涉法律的理解，是以人類的主觀意志為依歸。不過，他表示這樣的分野並不能說明沙里亞完全是宗教啟示的直接產物。他稱「儘管真主是伊斯蘭教法的出處，但實際的立法行為卻是人類所為，意味這是人類所理解的真主之法。這些法律並非在天國預定並降示給凡間，斐格海就是人類所理解的法律，它才是社會規範的法律」[19]。
穆斯林對一些信仰習俗上的瑣碎事宜欠缺共識，使穆斯林社群分成各個派系[22]。此外，卡迪的人數越來越多和變得更規範，儘管他們同樣是穆斯林，但他們來自伊斯蘭世界不同的地方，於是各自發展出不同的古典法派，當中的一些法派論述宗教禮典的細節，另一些法派則演變出適合當地情況的特殊處理手法。各地學者在當時難以互相交流，不同法派之間的分歧難以避免[23]。當時易卜拉欣·納哈伊（阿拉伯语：إبراهيم بن يزيد النخعي）等學者認為伊斯蘭教法是有法律理由（英语：Ratio decidendi），其原則和論證皆由《古蘭經》和聖行推導而出，附屬法規可通過這樣的論證來形成。他們認為稱職的法學家可以看到這些法律背景的推論，從而領悟到其立法原意。他們又稱法典可以論述的文字是有限，但案例是無限，因此有必要確立和理解《古蘭經》、聖行衍生法律的根本思想，才能滿足立法所需[24]。
踏入10世紀，編撰法學著作的用語出現了驚人的變化，學者開始使用伊斯蘭法學原理專用的新詞，他們被專門稱之為伊斯蘭法學原理的作者。他們的著作所採用的標題表明這是一門獨立和重要的學問[38]。諸如伊赫提拉弗（法律意見差異）、賈達爾（法理辯證）、塔里卡（聖訓注解）等術語的使用頻率越來越高[39]。這個世紀的法學家仔細研究過往承傳下來的法律知識，又撰寫著作推動法學派別的理論發展。除了蘇萊傑，奧馬爾·伊本·侯賽因·希拉吉（阿拉伯语：عمر بن الحسين الخرقي）、烏拜爾·阿拉·伊本·哈桑·卡希和伊本·傑拉卜都是這時較有名的法學家，他們在特定的框架下推導法學理論[40]。
首要原則是真主所創之事物是為了讓人類運用，因此這些事物都獲得允許。除非有《古蘭經》或聖訓的明文指明禁止，否則就不算是哈拉姆[89]。其次，法學家往往會採用「以我的看法來看，這是更正確的」之類的語句來表達他們的意見，表明他們並非創造具約束力的法律，而是發表試圖令人信服的權威觀點[90]。一些令行禁止的事例可以在宗教經文裡找到明確的答案，例如崇拜真主（阿拉伯语：العبادة في الإسلام）的必要、禁止通奸和近親婚姻等，不需要進一步的解構。另一些裁定則需要通過司法推論來形成，可能是基於對特定經文的解讀或法律論證而得出，這類裁定不得抵觸經文[91]。
法學家阿布·扎伊德·代布西（阿拉伯语：أبو زيد الدبوسي）認為《古蘭經》裡只有少數經文被歸類為「明確」和「含糊」，大部分經文都不屬於這兩個類別。他指出《古蘭經》裡的大部分經文都「需要注解或詮釋」，因應這些經文的清晰程度，需要詮釋的程度都各有不同[96]。解讀《古蘭經》經文有多種方法，最可靠的方式是用《古蘭經》經文去解釋另一些經文，其次是以聖行來解釋，亦即先知穆罕默德的解釋，其他方式包括利用聖伴、先知同伴追隨者的言論及伊智提哈德[97]。
法學家賽義夫丁·阿米迪（阿拉伯语：سيف الدين الآمدي）及穆罕默德·舒卡尼（阿拉伯语：محمد الشوكاني）把伊智提哈德定義為法學家致力於根據法源的詳細證據盡可能推斷出伊斯蘭教法的規律[100]。這是一種嚴謹的司法推論，用於《古蘭經》和聖行都找不到答案或此前的法律學者沒有就某個議題發表見解，以確定某事是否符合伊斯蘭教法。早期的學說把運用伊智提哈德的權力局限在那些具備必要教育背景及了解這種複雜法律問題的穆智台希德身上，但19世紀的賈邁勒丁·阿富汗尼、阿布都等人提出新概念，指伊智提哈德是對真理的獨立研判，不局限於穆智台希德[101]。
卡迪（法官）源自伊斯蘭教出現之前解決紛爭的仲裁人（阿拉伯语：الحكم (أسماء الله الحسنى)），穆罕默德在麥地那亦擔任過這個角色。隨著伊斯蘭帝國的擴張，倭馬亞王朝的統治者革新政治，創建新的官職掌管司法，當中包括了任命法官的制度[132]。卡迪原本是地方上的統治者由精通法學的學者當中挑選，後來則由哈里發直接挑選，哈里發通過卡迪來行使司法權。阿拔斯王朝的第五代哈里發哈倫·拉希德創建首席卡迪一職，負責任命地方法官[133]。
如果所需的法學原則在過往沒有得到確立，卡迪在裁定訴訟時應用伊智提哈德可以立下先例，以便在具體案例裡提供公正、神聖的裁決[138]。奧斯曼帝國時期的法學家海爾丁·拉姆利（阿拉伯语：خير الدين الرملي）稱「卡迪自主從法源萃取的法規是有效」，在有分歧和爭議的情況下，任何卡迪可以根據自身的判斷作出決定[139]。學者米麗亞姆·赫克斯特（Miriam Hoexter）稱卡迪在法律的最前線任職，她設想他們在裁定時對事實和法規應用的修訂都會被錄入法律典籍，哈拉格認為這對法學原理的發展和演變有舉足輕重的影響[140]。
穆夫提獲得穆斯林社群的共識，被認為具備豐富的法學知識和道德水平，人們會向他們提出具體的法律問題，徵求他們的法學意見和他們對伊斯蘭教法的詮釋。穆夫提會加以回應，給出法學意見[143]。一些著名穆夫提所寫的伊斯蘭教令被輯錄成書，如塔基丁·蘇卜基（阿拉伯语：تقي الدين السبكي）、埃布蘇德·埃芬迪（土耳其語：Ebussuud Efendi）等。這些書籍提供了大量的案例，用作參考比對，哈拉格稱「這些伊斯蘭教令叢書十分重要，法學學派理論因而得以改變和發展」[144]。
在伊斯蘭教法學裡，刑事法律分為三類，分別是《古蘭經》擬定的罪行（侯杜德（阿拉伯语：الحدود في الشريعة الإسلامية））、對人身的侵害（基沙斯）及由司法機關裁量懲治的危害公眾罪行（塔濟爾（阿拉伯语：تعزير））。對於侯杜德和基沙斯，法學典籍有詳盡細緻的討論，確立了一些原則，例如未成年人和心智失常的人沒有法律責任、講求嚴格的證據及疑罪從無（阿拉伯语：شبهة）[166]。可是法學典籍沒有詳細探討塔濟爾，因此法官及行政管理機關在執行這類法律上有更大的自由度[167]。
鑑於法學家的見解自具權威，他們所獲的地位並非執政者授予，因此學者艾拉·拉皮德斯（英语：Ira M. Lapidus）認為伊斯蘭社會早就有政教分離的概念[216]。伊斯蘭教法與政治實體之間的關係模糊，縱使法官是由國王及統治者任免，但法律主體卻任由他們闡述，他們壟斷了法律的話語權，因此他們的法學見解不受國家權力制約，使法學家可以自由推敲法律學說[217]。
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Awass, Omer, Fatwa and the Making and Renewal of Islamic Law: From the Classical Period to the Present, Cambridge University Press, 2023, ISBN 1009260898（英语）
Boroujerdi, Mehrzad, Mirror for the Muslim Prince: Islam and the Theory of Statecraft, Syracuse University Press, 2013, ISBN 081565085X（英语）
Abd-Allah, Umar F., Mālik and Medina: Islamic Legal Reasoning in the Formative Period, Brill, 2013, ISBN 9004247882（英语）
Rane, Halim, Islam and Contemporary Civilisation, Melbourne University Publishing, 2010, ISBN 0522857280（英语）
Esposito, John L., The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0522857280（英语）
Bowering, Gerhard; Mirza, Mahan; Crone, Patricia, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, 2013, ISBN 0691134847（英语）
Islamic Fiqh Academy, Juristic Decisions on Some Contemporary Issues, Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah, 2009, ISBN 274516063X（英语）
Roberts, Glenn, Sharia Law and the Arab Oil Bust: PetroCurse Or Cost of Being Muslim?, Universal Publishers, 2007, ISBN 1581123485（英语）
Shahin, Emad El-Din; Esposito, John L., The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics, Oxford University Press, 2016, ISBN 0190631937（英语）
Sabiq, As-Sayyid, Fiqh Us-Sunnah: Purification and Prayer, American Trust Publications, 1985 （英语）
Kuforiji, John Oluseyi, The Essentials of Islamic Banking, Finance, and Capital Markets, Lexington Books, 2019, ISBN 1498543855（英语）
Hasan, Zubair, Leading Issues in Islamic Economics and Finance, Springer Nature Singapore, 2020, ISBN 9811565155（英语）
Tomasic, Roman, Routledge Handbook of Corporate Law, Routledge, 2016, ISBN 1138786896（英语）
Hasyim, Syafiq, Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective, Solstice Pub., 2006, ISBN 9793780193（英语）
Baderin, Mashood A., Islamic Law: A Very Short Introduction, OUP Oxford, 2021, ISBN 0191643548（英语）
Peters, Rudolph, Shariʿa, Justice and Legal Order: Egyptian and Islamic Law: Selected Essays, Brill, 2020, ISBN 9004420622（英语）
Peters, Rudolph, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 9780521796705（英语）
Sindima, Harvey J., Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges Within and Without, Hamilton Books, 2017, ISBN 0761870172（英语）
Freamon, Bernard K., Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures, Brill, 2019, ISBN 9004398791（英语）
Scholz, Susanne, God Loves Diversity and Justice: Progressive Scholars Speak about Faith, Politics, and the World, Lexington Books, 2013, ISBN 0739173197（英语）
Riaz, Ali, Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia, Rutgers University Press, 2008, ISBN 0813545625（英语）
Makdisi, George, Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West, Edinburgh University Press, 2019, ISBN 1474470653（英语）
Holt, Andrew; Curta, Florin, Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History, ABC-CLIO, 2016, ISBN 1610695666（英语）
Bennett, Clinton, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014, ISBN 1472586891（英语）
Powers, David S., The Development of Islamic Law and Society in the Maghrib: Qadis, Muftis and Family Law, Taylor & Francis, 2022, ISBN 1000585115（英语）
Walbridge, John, God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 0521195349（英语）
Adamec, Ludwig W., Historical Dictionary of Islam, Rowman & Littlefield, 2017, ISBN 1442277246（英语）
Takim, Liyakat N., The Heirs of the Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi'ite Islam, State University of New York Press, 2012, ISBN 0791481913（英语）
Meri, Josef W., Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0415966922（英语）
Shahidullah, Shahid M., Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: Global and Local Perspectives, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2012, ISBN 1449604250（英语）
Gerber, Haim, Islamic Law and Culture, 1600-1840, Boston, 1999, ISBN 9004113193（英语）
Hatina, Meir, Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: 'Ulama' in the Middle East, Brill Academic Pub, 2008, ISBN 9004169539（英语）
Keshavjee, Mohamed, Islam, Sharia and Alternative Dispute Resolution: Mechanisms for Legal Redress in the Muslim Community, I.B.Tauris, 2013, ISBN 1848857322（英语）
Calder, Norman, Islamic Jurisprudence in the Classical Era, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 0521110807（英语）
Ezzatyar, Ali, The Last Mufti of Iranian Kurdistan: Ethnic and Religious Implications in the Greater Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016, ISBN 1137563249（英语）
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Akhlaq, Sayed Hassan, The Making of Shia Ayatollahs, Lexington Books, 2023, ISBN 1793655162（英语）
Matusitz, Jonathan, Communication in Global Jihad, Taylor & Francis, 2020, ISBN 1000224317（英语）
Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin, A Critical Introduction to Khomeini, Cambridge University Press, 2014, ISBN 1107729068（英语）
Masud, Muhammad Khalid; Muro, Hana Jalloul, Sharia Law In The Twenty-first Century, World Scientific Publishing Company, 2022, ISBN 1800611684（英语）
MacEoin, Denis, The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism, Brill, 2009, ISBN 9004170359（英语）
Takim, Liyakatali, Shi'ism Revisited: Ijtihad and Reformation in Contemporary Times, Oxford University Press, 2022, ISBN 0197609007（英语）
Skreslet, Paula Youngman; Skreslet, Rebecca, The Literature of Islam: A Guide to the Primary Sources in English Translation, Scarecrow Press, 2006, ISBN 0810854082（英语）
Turner, Colin, Islam: The Basics, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0415341051（英语）
Rehman, Javaid, Islamic State Practices, International Law and the Threat from Terrorism: A Critique of the 'Clash of Civilizations' in the New World Order, Bloomsbury Academic, 2005, ISBN 1841135011（英语）
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Lipman, Jonathan N., Islamic Thought in China: Sino-Muslim Intellectual Evolution from the 17th to the 21st Century, Edinburgh University Press, 2016, ISBN 1474402275（英语）
Raudvere, Catharina, Islam: An Introduction, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014, ISBN 1786739933（英语）
Wynbrandt, James, A Brief History of Saudi Arabia, Facts On File, 2010, ISBN 0816078769（英语）
Jeppie, Shamil; Moosa, Ebrahim; Roberts, Richard L., Muslim Family Law in Sub-Saharan Africa : Colonial Legacies and Post-Colonial Challenges, Amsterdam University Press, 2010, ISBN 9048511321（英语）
Zartner, Dana, Courts, Codes, and Custom: Legal Tradition and State Policy Toward International Human Rights and Environmental Law, Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 0199362106（英语）
Saeed, Abdullah, The Qur'an: An Introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2008, ISBN 1134102941（英语）
Janin, Hunt; Kahlmeyer, André, Islamic Law: The Sharia from Muhammad's Time to the Present, McFarland, 2015, ISBN 1476608814（英语）
Lee, Constance Youngwon; Crowe, Jonathan, Research Handbook on Natural Law Theory, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019, ISBN 1788110048（英语）
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Al-Jubouri, I. M. N., Islamic Thought: From Mohammed to September 11, 2001, Xlibris UK, 2010, ISBN 1453595856（英语）
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Abdelkader, Dina, Social Justice in Islam, International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2000, ISBN 1565642686（英语）
Esposito, John L.; DeLong-Bas, Natana J., Shariah: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, 2018, ISBN 0199325057（英语）
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Salaymeh, Lena, The Beginnings of Islamic Law: Late Antique Islamicate Legal Traditions, Cambridge University Press, 2016, ISBN 1107133025（英语）
Crone, Patricia, Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0521529492（英语）
Marín, Manuela; Jayyusi, Salma Khadra, The Legacy of Muslim Spain, E.J. Brill, 1992, ISBN 9004095993（英语）
Melchert, Christopher, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E, Brill Academic Pub, 1997, ISBN 9004109528（英语）
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Jany, Janos, Legal Traditions in Asia: History, Concepts and Laws, Springer International Publishing, 2020, ISBN 3030437280（英语）
Ayoub, Samy A., Law, Empire, and the Sultan: Ottoman Imperial Authority and Late Hanafi Jurisprudence, Oxford University Press, 2019, ISBN 0190092947（英语）
Sadeghi, Behnam, The Logic of Law Making in Islam: Women and Prayer in the Legal Tradition, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 1139789252（英语）
Jung, Dietrich, Islam in Global Modernity: Sociological Theory and the Diversity of Islamic Modernities, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023, ISBN 3658399546（英语）
Udovitch, A., Islamic Law and The Social Context of Exchange in the Medieval Middle East, History and Anthropology, 1985, 1 (2): 445–465, doi:10.1080/02757206.1985.9960751（英语）
Solomon, Hussein; Tausch, Arno, Islamism, Crisis and Democratization: Implications of the World Values Survey for the Muslim World, Springer International Publishing, 2019, ISBN 3030228495（英语）
Ali-Karamali, Sumbul, Demystifying Shariah: What It Is, How It Works, and Why It's Not Taking Over Our Country, Beacon Press, 2020, ISBN 0807038016（英语）
Tamanaha, Brian Z., Legal Pluralism Explained: History, Theory, Consequences, Oxford University Press, 2021, ISBN 019086155X（英语）
提示：此条目的主题不是伊斯蘭教法。
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