Alan Hilburg 將組織危機定義為急性危機或慢性危機。組織心理學者 Erika Hayes James 指出組織危機的兩種主要類型:突發危機(英語:sudden crisis)與「悶燒」危機(英語:smoldering crisis)。[9] James 將組織危機定義為“任何由情緒加重的情況,一旦公開,就會引起利益相關者的負面反應,從而有可能威脅到公司或其某些部分的財務狀況、聲譽或生存”。[10]
Erika Hayes James 將需要特定危機領導能力的危機分為五個階段。[10] 每個階段都包含一個領導者必須克服的障礙,以改善組織的結構和運營。 例如,James 之關於金融服務部門危機的案例研究探討了為什麼危機事件會削弱公眾對領導層的信任。 James 的研究表明,正直、積極的意圖、能力、相互尊重和透明度等領導能力如何影響信任建立過程。[11]
1. Turnaround Management Society (欧洲主要机构,服务全球)
2. Institute for Turnaround (英国机构)
3. Turnaround Management Association (服务全球)
4. Institut für die Standardisierung von Unternehmenssanierungen (德国机构)
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^Venette, S. J. (2003). Risk communication in a High Reliability Organization: APHIS PPQ's inclusion of risk in decision making. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Proquest Information and Learning.
^ASIS International, "Organizational Resilience: Security, Preparedness, and Continuity Management Systems-Requirements with Guidance for Use, ASIS SPC.1-2009, American National Standard", 2009
^ 7.07.17.2Coombs, W. T. Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 1999.
Office of Security and Risk Management Services. Crisis Management Workbook(PDF). Fairfax County Public Schools. October 2007 [2012-09-07]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2007-12-02).
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