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^ 13.013.1O'Brien PA, Marfleet C. Frameless versus classical intrauterine device for contraception. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. January 2005, (1): CD003282. PMID 15674904. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003282.pub2.
^ 14.014.114.214.3IUDs--an update(PDF). Population Reports. Series B, Intrauterine Devices (Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Information Program). December 1995, (6): 1–35 [2006-07-06]. PMID 8724322. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2013-10-29).
^ 15.015.115.215.315.415.515.615.7Bradshaw KD, Corton MM, Halvorson LM, Hoffman BL, Schaffer M, Schorge JO (编). Williams Gynecology. McGraw-Hill's AccessMedicine 3rd. New York, N.Y: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. 2016. ISBN 978-0-07-184909-8.
^Lippes J, Malik T, Tatum HJ. The postcoital copper-T. Advances in Planned Parenthood. 1976, 11 (1): 24–29. PMID 976578.
^Cheng L, Gülmezoglu AM, Piaggio G, Ezcurra E, Van Look PF. Cheng L , 编. Interventions for emergency contraception. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. April 2008, (2): CD001324. PMID 18425871. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001324.pub3.
^O'Brien PA, Marfleet C. Frameless versus classical intrauterine device for contraception. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. January 2005, (1): CD003282. PMID 15674904. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003282.pub2.已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
^ 32.032.1Molino GO, Santos AC, Dias MM, Pereira AG, Pimenta ND, Silva PH. Retained versus removed copper intrauterine device during pregnancy: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. January 2025. PMID 39868878. doi:10.1111/aogs.15061.
^Kulier R, O'Brien PA, Helmerhorst FM, Usher-Patel M, D'Arcangues C. Copper containing, framed intra-uterine devices for contraception. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. October 2007, (4): CD005347. PMID 17943851. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005347.pub3.已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助)
^ 36.036.136.2Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB. Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action. Contraception. June 2007, 75 (6 Suppl): S16–S30. PMID 17531610. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.020. p. S28:
^Speroff L, Darney PD. Intrauterine contraception. A clinical guide for contraception 5th. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011: 239–280. ISBN 978-1-60831-610-6. p. 246:
^Jensen JT, Mishell Jr DR. Family planning: contraception, sterilization, and pregnancy termination. Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Katz VL (编). Comprehensive gynecology. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. 2012: 215–272. ISBN 978-0-323-06986-1. p. 259:
^ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems. Human Reproduction Update. May–June 2008, 14 (3): 197–208. PMID 18400840. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn003. p. 199:
^Speroff L, Darney PD. Special uses of oral contraception: emergency contraception, the progestin-only minipill. A clinical guide for contraception 5th. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011: 153–166. ISBN 978-1-60831-610-6. p. 157:
Emergency postcoital contraception Other methods Another method of emergency contraception is the insertion of a copper IUD, anytime during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle and up to 5 days after ovulation. The failure rate (in a small number of studies) is very low, 0.1%.34,35 This method definitely prevents implantation, but it is not suitable for women who are not candidates for intrauterine contraception, e.g., multiple sexual partners or a rape victim. The use of a copper IUD for emergency contraception is expensive, but not if it is retained as an ongoing method of contraception.
^Trussell J, Schwarz EB. Emergency contraception. Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W J, Kowal D, Policar MS (编). Contraceptive technology 20th revised. New York: Ardent Media. 2011: 113–145 (121). ISBN 978-1-59708-004-0. ISSN 0091-9721. OCLC 781956734. Mechanism of action Copper-releasing IUCs When used as a regular or emergency method of contraception, copper-releasing IUCs act primarily to prevent fertilization. Emergency insertion of a copper IUC is significantly more effective than the use of ECPs, reducing the risk of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse by more than 99%.2,3 This very high level of effectiveness implies that emergency insertion of a copper IUC must prevent some pregnancies after fertilization. Pregnancy begins with implantation according to medical authorities such as the US FDA, the National Institutes of Health79 and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).80温哥华格式错误 (帮助)
^World Family Planning 2022(PDF) (报告). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2022 [2025-02-01]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2025-01-30).
^Coils. Museum of Contraception and Abortion. [2025-02-01].
^Sivin I, Stern J. Long-acting, more effective copper T IUDs: a summary of U.S. experience, 1970-75. Studies in Family Planning. October 1979, 10 (10): 263–281. JSTOR 1965507. PMID 516121. doi:10.2307/1965507.
^ 49.049.1Lynch CM. History of the IUD. Contraception Online. Baylor College of Medicine. [2006-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2006-01-27).
^Van Kets HE. Capdevila CC, Cortit LI, Creatsas G , 编. Importance of intrauterine contraception. Contraception Today, Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the European Society of Contraception. The Parthenon Publishing Group: 112–116. 1997 [2006-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2006-08-10). (Has pictures of many IUD designs, both historic and modern.)