^Neumann, J. The Winds in the world of the Ancient Mesopotamian Civilizations. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1977-10-01, 58 (10). ISSN 0003-0007. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1977)058<1050:TWITWO>2.0.CO;2（英语）. Thorkild Jacobsen points out (personal communication, 1977) that the most common name for the "north wind" in Sumerian tablets (i.e., in original tablets inscribed in the Sumerian language), "IM si-sa," and the corresponding Assyro-Babylonian term "iSaru," have the meanings (see Oppenheim et al., 1960, p. 224) "normal," "regular," "straight," "ordinary," "favorable," etc. The Assyro-Babylonian term "iltanu" (older form: "iStanu") also has the possible meanings "one," "unique," "outstanding," etc. If we think of the NW wind as unique, or outstanding, in the sense that it is of very high incidence (Table 1), then the epithets "regular" or "common" would suit the case well. At Jacobsen's recommendation, we have adopted the name "regular wind" for the wind of concern.
^Watanabe, Takaaki K.; Watanabe, Tsuyoshi; Yamazaki, Atsuko; Pfeiffer, Miriam. Oman corals suggest that a stronger winter shamal season caused the Akkadian Empire (Mesopotamia) collapse. Geology (GeoScienceWorld). 2019, 47 (12): 1141–1145. Bibcode:2019Geo....47.1141W. S2CID 204781389. doi:10.1130/G46604.1.
此條目介紹的是气候现象。关于军事行动，请见「夏马风行动」。
