興都庫什山脈

兴都库什山
هندوکش
兴都库什山; هندوکش
	兴都库什山
最高点
山峰	蒂里杰米尔峰
海拔	7,708米（25,289英尺）
坐标	36°14′45″N 71°50′38″E / 36.24583°N 71.84389°E
地理
	兴都库什范围内的地形（地图右上角的区域）
国家	阿富汗和巴基斯坦
地区	南亚-中亚
所属山脉	喜马拉雅山

兴都库什山（波斯語：هندوکش）是位于中亚，东西向横贯阿富汗山脉。^[1]东端较高，属于帕米尔高原延伸，海拔约在4,500－6,000米，西端约为3,500－4,000米。山脉总长约966公里。

名称

兴都库什此名称的由来还没有统一的说法，有许多学者、作家提出不同的理论。根据最早始于伊本·白图泰的解释, “兴都库什（Hindu Kush）”常被理解为“印度人的杀手”，暗示当时印度奴隶在被强制迁徙到突厥斯坦地区时死于阿富汗山地的严酷气候 ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[a]；另一些人则认为这个名称意为“印度之山”；在这种解释下，“Kush”被认为是波斯语“Kuh”（意为“山”）的变体，表明兴都库什山脉是当时阿拉伯地理学家认知的边界。^[9]^[10]另有一些学者认为这个名称来自阿維斯陀語，意为“水山”。^[11] Hindū Kūh（ھندوکوه）與 Kūh-e Hind（کوهِ ھند）通常用來指稱隔開從喀布爾河、赫爾曼德河到阿姆河中間盆地的整個區域，或者說是指座落在喀布爾河的西北方區域。

地震

注释

^ Boyle's Persian-English dictionary indicates that the suffix -koš [koʃ] is the present stem of the verb 'to kill' (koštan کشتن‬).^[7] According to linguist Francis Joseph Steingass, the suffix -kush means 'a male; (imp. of kushtan in comp.) a killer, who kills, slays, murders, oppresses as azhdaha-kush.'^[8]

参考文献

^ 阿富汗和克什米尔印巴冲突的一方面. chinese.aljazeera.net. [2021-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）（中文（简体））.
^ Ervin Grötzbach (2012 Edition, Original: 2003), Hindu Kush （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Iranica
^ Ewans, Sir Martin; Ewans, Martin; Weber, Patrick; Carr, Robyn. Afghanistan - A New History. Routledge. 2002-11-14: 1 [2021-09-05]. ISBN 978-1-136-80339-0. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）（英语）.
^ Allan, Nigel. Defining Place and People in Afghanistan. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics. 8. 2001, 42 (8): 546. S2CID 152546226. doi:10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186.
^ André Wink. Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. 2002: 110 [2021-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）. , Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer') mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".
^ Dunn, Ross E. The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. University of California Press. 2005: 171–178. ISBN 978-0-520-24385-9.
^ Boyle, J.A. A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language. Luzac & Co. 1949: 129.
^ Francis Joseph Steingass. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. 1992: 1030–1031 (kush means "killer, kills, slays, murders, oppresses"), p. 455 (khirs–kush means "bear killer"), p. 734 (shutur–kush means "camel butcher"), p. 1213 (mardum–kush means "man slaughter") [2021-09-05]. ISBN 978-81-206-0670-8. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）.
^ Allan, Nigel. Defining Place and People in Afghanistan. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics. 8. 2001, 42 (8): 545–560. S2CID 152546226. doi:10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186.
^ Fosco Maraini et al., Hindu Kush （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica
^ R. W. McColl. Encyclopedia of World Geography. Infobase Publishing. 2014: 413–414 [2021-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-8160-7229-3. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）.

參見

帕米尔高原

[9] Boyle's Persian-English dictionary indicates that the suffix -koš [koʃ] is the present stem of the verb 'to kill' (koštan کشتن‬).^[7] According to linguist Francis Joseph Steingass, the suffix -kush means 'a male; (imp. of kushtan in comp.) a killer, who kills, slays, murders, oppresses as azhdaha-kush.'^[8]

[1] 阿富汗和克什米尔印巴冲突的一方面. chinese.aljazeera.net. [2021-10-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）（中文（简体））.

[iranicaonline-2] Ervin Grötzbach (2012 Edition, Original: 2003), Hindu Kush （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Iranica

[3] Ewans, Sir Martin; Ewans, Martin; Weber, Patrick; Carr, Robyn. Afghanistan - A New History. Routledge. 2002-11-14: 1 [2021-09-05]. ISBN 978-1-136-80339-0. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）（英语）.

[Nigel2001p5462-4] Allan, Nigel. Defining Place and People in Afghanistan. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics. 8. 2001, 42 (8): 546. S2CID 152546226. doi:10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186.

[5] André Wink. Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries. BRILL Academic. 2002: 110 [2021-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）. , Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer') mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".

[6] Dunn, Ross E. The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. University of California Press. 2005: 171–178. ISBN 978-0-520-24385-9.

[7] Boyle, J.A. A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language. Luzac & Co. 1949: 129.

[Steingass1992p1030-8] Francis Joseph Steingass. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. 1992: 1030–1031 (kush means "killer, kills, slays, murders, oppresses"), p. 455 (khirs–kush means "bear killer"), p. 734 (shutur–kush means "camel butcher"), p. 1213 (mardum–kush means "man slaughter") [2021-09-05]. ISBN 978-81-206-0670-8. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）.

[Allan_2001_545–5602-10] Allan, Nigel. Defining Place and People in Afghanistan. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics. 8. 2001, 42 (8): 545–560. S2CID 152546226. doi:10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186.

[brithkushfm2-11] Fosco Maraini et al., Hindu Kush （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica

[McColl2014p4133-12] R. W. McColl. Encyclopedia of World Geography. Infobase Publishing. 2014: 413–414 [2021-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-8160-7229-3. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）.

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興都庫什山脈

名称

地震

注释

参考文献

參見

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