由於土邦長久以來的收入主要仰賴向經過此地的商隊徵稅，但自從孟買崛起成為主要港口，海上貿易大幅取代傳統的陸路貿易路線後，土邦的經濟便遭受嚴重衝擊。兩位統治者馬哈拉瓦爾·蘭吉特·辛格（Maharawals Ranjit Singh）和拜里·薩爾·辛格（Bairi Sal Singh）曾試圖力挽狂瀾，扭轉頹勢，但土邦的經濟狀況仍持續惡化。雪上加霜的是在馬哈拉瓦爾·薩利瓦漢·辛格（Maharawal Salivahan Singh）統治期間 - 當地於1895年至1900年間發生過嚴重的旱災，進而導致大規模饑荒，導致邦內賴以為生的牲畜大量死亡，對於本已衰弱的經濟更是雪上加霜。
印度於1947年脫離英國統治，宣佈獨立。當時土邦的統治者馬哈拉瓦爾·賈瓦希爾·辛格（Maharawal Jawahir Singh）是率先簽署加入書（英语：Instrument of Accession），同意加入聯邦的統治者之一。[49]印度聯邦於1956年設立拉賈斯坦邦，在邦內的所有王室均失去主權，但享有王室年金。印度議會最終於1970-71年決議，停止支付此種王室年金。[49]
在1971年發生的第三次印巴戰爭中，有一場頗為激烈的隆格瓦拉戰役（英语：Battle of Longewala），就發生於塔爾沙漠印度部分的邊境城鎮隆格瓦拉（英语：Longewala）。印軍以寡擊眾，成功抵擋巴軍裝甲兵部隊的夜襲。儘管印軍初期損失慘重，但在空軍支援下，最終擊退巴軍，阻止其深入印度境內。印軍憑藉防守的優勢，得以對巴基斯坦軍隊造成重大打擊，導致200名士兵喪生，[50]36輛坦克被摧毀或遺棄，以及額外500輛車輛損失。[51]
"Contrary to earlier assumptions that a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, identified by some with the mythical Sarasvati, watered the Harappan heartland on the interfluve between the Indus and Ganges basins, we show that only monsoonal-fed rivers were active there during the Holocene."
"Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene
"The present Ghaggar-Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows. Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase. We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5;400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan (SI Text), and recent work (33) on the upper Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4;300 y old. On the upper interfluve, fine-grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase, as recent as 2,900 y ago (33) (Fig. 2B). This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar-Hakra system without access to a glacier-fed river."
Valdiya (2013) dispute this, arguing that it was a large perennial river draining the high mountains as late as 3700–2500 years ago. Giosan et al. (2013) have responded to, and rejected, Valdiya's arguments.
^ 3.03.13.2Sinha, R. K.; Bhatia, S. & Vishnoi, R. Desertification control and rangeland management in the Thar desert of India. RALA Report No. 200. 1996: 115–123.
^Sharma, K. K.; Mehra, S. P. The Thar of Rajasthan (India): Ecology and Conservation of a Desert Ecosystem. Sivaperuman, C.; Baqri, Q. H.; Ramaswamy, G.; Naseema, M. (编). Faunal Ecology and Conservation of the Great Indian Desert. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 2009: 1–11. ISBN 978-3-540-87408-9. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87409-6_1.
^Kuhle, Matthias. Reconstruction of the 2.4 Million km2 Late Pleistocene Ice Sheet on the Tibetan Plateau and its Impact on the Global Climate. Quaternary International. 1998, 45/46: 71–108. Bibcode:1998QuInt..45...71K. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00008-6.
^Kuhle, M. The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia. Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L. (编). Development in Quaternary Science 2c (Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica). 2004: 175–99.
^Kuhle, M. Tibet and High Asia V. Results of Investigations into High Mountain Geomorphology, Paleo-Glaciology and Climatology of the Pleistocene. GeoJournal. 1999, 47 (1–2): 3–276. S2CID 128089823. doi:10.1023/A:1007039510460.
See chapter entitled: "Reconstruction of an approximately complete Quaternary Tibetan Inland Glaciation between the Mt. Everest and Cho Oyu Massifs and the Aksai Chin. – A new glaciogeomorphological southeast-northwest diagonal profile through Tibet and its consequences for the glacial isostasy and Ice Age cycle".
^Kuhle, M. The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages – An Autocycle Hypothesis. GeoJournal. 1988, 17 (4): 581–96. S2CID 129234912. doi:10.1007/BF00209444. Tibet and High-Asia I. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I).
^Kuhle, Matthias. The Tibetan Ice Sheet; its Impact on the Palaeomonsoon and Relation to the Earth's Orbital Variations. Polarforschung. 2001, 71 (1/2): 1–13.
^Ramesh, R.; Jani, R. A. & Bhushan, R. Stable isotopic evidence for the origin of salt lakes in the Thar desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 1993, 25 (1): 117–123. Bibcode:1993JArEn..25..117R. doi:10.1006/jare.1993.1047.
^Sharma, K. K., S. Kulshreshtha, A. R. Rahmani (2013). Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates. Springer Science & Business Media, New York.
^Rahmani, A. R. The uncertain future of the Desert National Park in Rajasthan, India. Environmental Conservation. 1989, 16 (3): 237–244. S2CID 83995201. doi:10.1017/S0376892900009322.
^Kaul, R. N. Afforestation in arid zones. Monographiiae Biologicae 20. The Hague. 1970. OCLC 115047.
^Khan, T. I. & Frost, S. Floral biodiversity: a question of survival in the Indian Thar Desert. Environmentalist. 2001, 21 (3): 231–236. S2CID 82472637. doi:10.1023/A:1017991606974.
^Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Century. Greenwood. 2007: 597. ISBN 978-0313335389.
Clift, Peter D.; Carter, Andrew; Giosan, Liviu; Durcan, Julie; et al, U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River, Geology, 2012, 40 (3): 211–214, Bibcode:2012Geo....40..211C, S2CID 130765891, doi:10.1130/g32840.1
Govt. of India. Ministry of Food & Agriculture booklet (1965)—"Soil conservation in the Rajasthan Desert"—Work of the Desert Afforestation Research station, Jodhpur.
Gupta, R. K. & Prakash Ishwar (1975). Environmental analysis of the Thar Desert. English Book Depot., Dehra Dun.
Kaul, R. N. (1967). "Trees or grass lands in the Rajasthan: Old problems and New approaches". Indian Forester, 93: 434–435.
Burdak, L. R. (1982). "Recent Advances in Desert Afforestation". Dissertation submitted to Shri R. N. Kaul, Director, Forestry Research, F.R.I., Dehra Dun.
Yashpal, Sahai Baldev, Sood, R.K., and Agarwal, D.P. (1980). "Remote sensing of the 'lost' Saraswati river". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth and Planet Science), V. 89, No. 3, pp. 317–331.
Bakliwal, P. C. and Sharma, S. B. (1980). "On the migration of the river Yamuna". Journal of the Geological Society of India, Vol. 21, Sept. 1980, pp. 461–463.
Bakliwal, P. C. and Grover, A. K. (1988). "Signature and migration of Sarasvati river in Thar desert, Western India". Record of the Geological Survey of India V 116, Pts. 3–8, pp. 77–86.
Rajawat, A. S., Sastry, C. V. S. and Narain, A. (1999-a). "Application of pyramidal processing on high resolution IRS-1C data for tracing the migration of the Saraswati river in parts of the Thar desert". in "Vedic Sarasvati, Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India", Memoir Geological Society of India, Bangalore, No. 42, pp. 259–272.
Ramasamy, S. M. (1999). "Neotectonic controls on the migration of Sarasvati river of the Great Indian desert". in "Vedic Sarasvati, Evolutionary History of a Lost River of Northwestern India", Memoir Geological Society of India, Bangalore, No. 42, pp. 153–162.
Rajesh Kumar, M., Rajawat, A. S. and Singh, T. N. (2005). "Applications of remote sensing for educidate the Palaeochannels in an extended Thar desert, Western Rajasthan", 8th annual International conference, Map India 2005, New Delhi.
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![源自巴基斯坦信德省塔帕卡縣的塔帕卡牛（英语：Tharparkar cattle），自第一次世界大戰開始後廣受歡迎。[37]](File:Tharparkar_02.JPG)
