語言人類學

語言人類學（Linguistic Anthropology）是人類學的分支，將語言學研究方法運用於人類學問題上，將語言或符號的形式與過程聯結到社會文化過程的詮釋。

歷史發展

人類學式的語言學

最早的理論典範原本被稱為語言學（linguistics），雖然當這門學科及相關的研究領域發展成熟之後，稱為「人類學式的語言學」（anthropological linguistics）。這個領域專門研究這個次學科所獨有的一些主題：對於被視為注定要滅絕的語言所做的語言學記錄（有一些北美原住民語言成為這個次學科學者所關注的焦點），例如：

語法描述，
類型學分類，以及
關於語言相對論的未決議題（關連到愛德華·薩丕爾與本杰明·李·沃夫，但實際上由法蘭茲·鮑亞士所發展，在他之前，有一長串歐洲思想家，從詹巴蒂斯塔·维柯到约翰·戈特弗里德·赫尔德到威廉·馮·洪堡）。所謂的薩丕爾-沃夫假說可能是個不當的用詞，這是就這個兩位學者的科學取向，有別於科學上的實證論、以假說為取向的模型。無論如何，這個名詞是Harry Hoijer（英语：Harry Hoijer）（薩丕爾的學生）所創（Hoijer 1954; see also HIll and Mannheim 1992）。

語言人類學

在1960年代，戴爾·海姆斯（英语：Dell Hymes）主要負責發起第二種理論典範，將「語言人類學」（linguistic anthropology）這個名稱固定下來，雖然他也創造了「言談民族誌」（ethnography of speaking，或「溝通民族誌」 ethnography of communication）這個術語，來描述他為這個學術領域所設想的架構。這包含了運用錄音設備等新的科技發展。

海姆斯也引介了一種新的分析單位。有鑑於在第一種理論典範聚焦於表面上獨特的「語言」（引號表示當代的語言人類學家將「一個語言」的概念視為一種理想建構，從而掩蓋了這個語言內部的複雜性，以及「跨越」所謂的語言界線的複雜性）；第二種理論典範的分析單位是「言談事件」（speech event）。（言談事件是一個事件，由發生在這個事件之中的言談所界定的，例如，一場晚宴並不是一個言談事件，而是一個言談情境，在這種情境下，言談可能會發生，也可能不會發生。）有許多學者專注於在這些言談事件中，參與者對他們的語言表現型態所提出的解釋。 ^[1]^[2]

海姆斯也開創了語言人類學的一種研究方法，民族詩學（英语：Ethnopoetics）。

海姆斯希望將語言人類學更密切聯結到人類學這個母學科。語言人類學這個名稱強調它的首要身份是人類學，並且是「人類學式的語言學」。如今這在大多數的大學是一門獨立學科（而不是在法蘭茲·鮑亞士和薩丕爾的時代）。然而，語言人類學這個理論典範，標誌著它跟人類學的其他分支學科進一步的疏遠。

透過語言學方法與資料所從事的人類學議題研究

在1980年代後期興起的第三種理論典範，並不是繼續追求來自一個讓人類學感到陌生的學科（語言學）的各項議題，語言人類學家有系統地專注於自己母學科人類學所提出的各項議題，但運用了語言學的資料和方法。在這第三種理論典範的熱門研究議題，包括社會身份認同的調查研究、普遍共同具有的意識形態，以及在個人和團體之間的互動中，論述的建構與運用方式。

研究興趣領域

當代語言人類學研究延續了上述的三個理論典範。有幾個領域關連到第三種典範，也就是對於人類學議題的研究，這是當代語言人類學家特別專注的領域。

身分認同

語言人類學的作品有許多從語言學角度探討社會文化認同的議題。語言人類學家庫利克（Don Kulick）在巴布亞紐幾內亞一個名為迦普恩（Gapun）的村落，依據對許多場景的分析，研究語言與認同的關係。^[3]庫利克探討了迦普恩的兒童如何使用兩種語言──傳統語言「塔伊阿普」（Taiap）只在自己村落使用，從而標示了一種根本賦予的（primordially）迦普恩人身分認同。另一種語言則是巴布亞皮欽語（在紐幾內亞盛行的官方語言）。（語言人類學家使用「標示」（indexical）這個字的意思是指標性。^[4]）

參閱

註釋

^ Bauman, Richard. 1977. Verbal Art as Performance. American Anthropologist 77:290-311.
^ Hymes, Dell. 1981 [1975] Breakthrough into Performance. In In Vain I Tried to Tell You: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics. D. Hymes, ed. Pp. 79-141. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
^ Kulick, Don. 1992. Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction: Socialization, Self and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinea Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Silverstein, Michael. 1976. Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description. In Meaning in Anthropology. K. Basso and H.A. Selby, eds. Pp. pp. 11-56. Albuquerque: School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press.

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