酪氨酸酶

酪氨酸酶
識別號
别名	TYR；, tyrosinase, monophenol oxygenase, monophenol oxidase, monophenolase, monophenol, dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxygen oxidoreductase, monophenol monooxidase, polyaromatic oxidase, monophenol,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase, L-tyrosine monooxygenase, monophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, N-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan oxidase, tyrosine-dopa oxidase, polyphenolase, ATN, CMM8, OCA1, OCA1A, OCAIA, SHEP3, Tyrosinase
外部ID	OMIM：606933 MGI：98880 HomoloGene：30969 GeneCards：TYR
相關疾病
	老年黃斑變性、黑色素瘤、白癜风、oculocutaneous albinism type 1、temperature-sensitive oculocutaneous albinism type 1
基因位置（人类）
染色体	11號染色體
终止	89,295,759 bp
基因位置（小鼠）
染色体	小鼠7号染色体
终止	87,142,720 bp
RNA表达模式
	查阅更多表达数据
基因本體
分子功能	• 金屬離子結合; • copper ion binding; • monooxygenase activity; • protein homodimerization activity; • oxidoreductase activity; • protein heterodimerization activity; • 血浆蛋白结合; • 多酚氧化酶; • tyrosinase activity;
細胞組分	• 細胞質; • integral component of membrane; • 细胞质基质; • 细胞核; • 膜; • 细胞质的核周区域; • 溶酶体; • melanosome membrane; • Golgi-associated vesicle; • 黑色素体; • 細胞內膜結合細胞器;
生物學過程	• response to UV; • response to cAMP; • 代謝; • melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine; • response to vitamin D; • 色素沉着; • 胸腺的发生; • eye pigment biosynthetic process; • 細胞增殖; • 視覺; • melanin biosynthetic process;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
直系同源
	7299
	22173
	ENSG00000077498
	ENSMUSG00000004651
	P14679
	P11344
	NM_000372
	NM_011661; NM_001317397
	NP_000363
	NP_001304326; NP_035791
	維基數據
檢視/編輯人類	檢視/編輯小鼠

酪氨酸酶（英語：Tyrosinase）是一种氧化酶，且是调控黑色素生成的限速酶。这种酶参与黑色素合成的两个反应：第一步将单酚羟基化为二酚，第二步将邻二酚氧化为邻二醌。邻二醌再经过几步反应后就变为黑色素^[6]。酪氨酸酶是一种含銅的酶，存在于植物与动物组织中，催化生成由酪氨酸氧化而来的黑色素以及其它色素，如使剥皮或切片的马铃薯暴露在空气中变黑^[7]。在皮肤黑素細胞的黑色素体中能发现酪氨酸酶。在人类基因组中，酪氨酸酶由 TYR 基因编码^[8]。

臨床意義

基因突变会导致酪氨酸酶受损，从而引发I型眼皮肤型白化病（英语：oculocutaneous albinism），这是一种遗传性疾病，發病率為兩萬分之一。^[9]

酪氨酸酶活性非常重要。如果在黑色素合成过程中酪氨酸酶活性无法控制，就会导致黑色素合成增加。降低酪氨酸酶活性已成为改善或预防与皮肤色素过度沉着有关的疾病，如黄褐斑和老人斑。^[10]

抑制剂

已知的酪氨酸酶抑制剂如下：^[11]

应用

在亚洲，浅肤色象征著年輕漂亮。化妆品公司因而想辦法讓美白產品抑制酪氨酸酶活性，从而减少色素过度沉着，同时避免給健康的黑素細胞帶來细胞毒性。^[12]

参考文献

^ 與酪氨酸酶相關的疾病；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000077498 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000004651 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Kumar CM, Sathisha UV, Dharmesh S, Rao AG, Singh SA. Interaction of sesamol (3,4-methylenedioxyphenol) with tyrosinase and its effect on melanin synthesis. Biochimie. Mar 2011, 93 (3): 562–9. PMID 21144881. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.014.
^ Stevens LH, Davelaar E, Kolb RM, Pennings EJ, Smit NP. Tyrosine and cysteine are substrates for blackspot synthesis in potato. Phytochemistry. 1998, 49 (3): 703–707 [2019-03-04]. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00207-6. （原始内容存档于2017-05-10）.
^ Barton DE, Kwon BS, Francke U. Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14----q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7. Genomics. Jul 1988, 3 (1): 17–24. PMID 3146546. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-X.
^ Witkop CJ. Albinism: hematologic-storage disease, susceptibility to skin cancer, and optic neuronal defects shared in all types of oculocutaneous and ocular albinism. The Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences. Oct 1979, 16 (4): 327–30. PMID 546241.
^ Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Apr 2007, 127 (4): 751–61. PMID 17218941. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700683 .
^ Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. December 2017, 32 (1): 403–425. PMC 6010116 . PMID 28097901. doi:10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882.
^ Qian, W., Liu, W., Zhu, D., Cao, Y., Tang, A., Gong, G., Su, H."Natural skin‑whitening compounds for the treatment of melanogenesis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.1 (2020): 173-185.

外部链接

[1] 與酪氨酸酶相關的疾病；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000077498 - Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000004651 - Ensembl, May 2017

[4] Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[5] Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid21144881-6] Kumar CM, Sathisha UV, Dharmesh S, Rao AG, Singh SA. Interaction of sesamol (3,4-methylenedioxyphenol) with tyrosinase and its effect on melanin synthesis. Biochimie. Mar 2011, 93 (3): 562–9. PMID 21144881. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.014.

[7] Stevens LH, Davelaar E, Kolb RM, Pennings EJ, Smit NP. Tyrosine and cysteine are substrates for blackspot synthesis in potato. Phytochemistry. 1998, 49 (3): 703–707 [2019-03-04]. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00207-6. （原始内容存档于2017-05-10）.

[pmid3146546-8] Barton DE, Kwon BS, Francke U. Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14----q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7. Genomics. Jul 1988, 3 (1): 17–24. PMID 3146546. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-X.

[pmid546241-9] Witkop CJ. Albinism: hematologic-storage disease, susceptibility to skin cancer, and optic neuronal defects shared in all types of oculocutaneous and ocular albinism. The Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences. Oct 1979, 16 (4): 327–30. PMID 546241.

[10] Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Apr 2007, 127 (4): 751–61. PMID 17218941. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700683 .

[11] Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. December 2017, 32 (1): 403–425. PMC 6010116 . PMID 28097901. doi:10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882.

[12] Qian, W., Liu, W., Zhu, D., Cao, Y., Tang, A., Gong, G., Su, H."Natural skin‑whitening compounds for the treatment of melanogenesis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.1 (2020): 173-185.

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酪氨酸酶

臨床意義

抑制剂

应用

参考文献

外部链接

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