U.S. News美国大学排行榜

美国新闻与世界报道最佳大学排名（英语：U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking）是美国新闻与世界报道每年发布的高等院校排行榜，由美国新闻与世界报道于1983年首次发布。

最佳大学排名长期引发争议，并遭到多位教育专家的谴责。^[1]批评者指出其依赖院校自行提交（有时存在造假）的数据，^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]助长院校为提高排名而进行的策略性操作，^[6]通过可疑数据推导精确序数制造虚假精确性假象，^[7]过度强调声望加剧申请焦虑，^[8]且忽视个体适配性——将使命迥异的院校置于同一标准比较。^[9]

2022年，哥伦比亚大学因数学教授迈克尔·撒迪厄斯揭露数据造假，排名从第二位骤降至第18位。^[10]其余"国家级大学"排名未重新编号。^[11]

排名方法

2023年，美国新闻与世界报道对近1,500所高校进行排名。^[12]

2023年版国家级大学排名采用以下指标：^[12]

"成果指标"（52%）：

- 毕业率与保留率（21%）：六年内毕业率（16%），新生保留率（5%）
- 毕业率表现（10%）：2014届学生实际六年毕业率与预测值对比
- 社会流动性（11%）：佩尔助学金获得者毕业率（6%），第一代大学生毕业表现（5%）
- 毕业生负债（5%）：联邦贷款借款者平均债务
- 毕业生收入潜力（5%）：毕业四年后收入超过高中毕业生比例

"师资力量"（11%）：

- 教师薪资（6%）
- 师生比（3%）
- 全职教师比例（2%）

"专家评价"（20%）：校长、教务长和招生主任对同类院校的学术质量评分（1-5分）

"财政资源"（8%）：生均教学、科研及学生服务支出

"学生选拔"（5%）：录取学生标准化考试成绩及高中班级排名

"教师研究"（4%）：教师论文被引量排名分为四类：国家级大学、文理学院、地区性大学和地区性学院，后两者再细分为北部、南部、中西部和西部区域。^[13]

2014年《高等教育研究》期刊通过建模量化排名中的"噪声"：中游院校需投入大量定向资源才可能进入前20，且±4名的波动应视为统计误差。^[14]

影响力

2014年排名发布日，usnews.com获得260万独立访客和1890万页面浏览量。^[15]^[已过时]

研究显示排名显著影响申请趋势：

2010年密歇根大学研究：排名对顶尖10%学生的申请选择有持续影响^[16]，且促使院校声誉评价趋同^[17]

2011年研究：排名每提升1位，申请量增加0.9%^[18]

多所大学公开将特定排名作为发展目标：

克莱姆森大学2001年制定"进入公立大学前20"计划，通过缩减班级规模等方式提升排名^[19]

亚利桑那州立大学2007年将校长薪酬与排名提升挂钩^[20]

贝尔蒙特大学2010年将"进入前五"列入战略规划^[21]

争议

1990年代起，美国多所院校发起抵制运动：

里德学院1995年率先停止提交数据

阿尔玛学院、斯坦福大学、圣约翰学院相继批评排名体系^[22]

2000年国家民意研究中心指出权重设置"缺乏实证基础"^[23]

2003年《纽约时报》揭露：1999年方法论调整曾使加州理工学院短暂登顶，次年即被修改^[24]

2007年安纳波利斯集团年会达成共识：80所成员院校将不再参与声誉调查（占25%权重），并合作开发替代数据库。^[25]^[26] 美国新闻编辑回应称声誉调查能衡量"统计数据无法捕捉的无形价值"。^[27]

2007年莎拉劳伦斯学院校长指出：不提交SAT成绩的院校会被自动赋予低于同类院校200分的虚拟分数。^[28]

教育专家凯文·凯里批评排名本质是"声望、财富和排他性"的循环论证，忽视核心教育质量。^[29]

2011年《赫芬顿邮报》文章斥责排名是"伪科学工具"，通过固化阶级差异加剧教育不平等。^[30]

2022年美国教育部长米格尔·卡多纳称此类排名是"笑话"，批评其助长"对选拔性的病态迷恋"。^[31]

2022年起，一些著名法学院集体退出排名：

耶鲁法学院（长期榜首）首倡抵制，称其"严重阻碍法律行业进步"^[32]。哈佛法学院^[33]、加州大学伯克利分校法学院^[34]等十余所院校相继加入。2023年排名中耶鲁仍居首位^[35]

2023年一些医学院抵制：

哈佛医学院、斯坦福医学院等五所院校停止合作^[36]^[37]。2023年6月哥伦比亚大学本科项目退出，此前其因数据造假从第2位跌至18位。^[38]^[39]2023年排名公式调整引发更大争议，美国教育委员会主席称其"再次证明排名从来不是质量的可靠指标"。^[40]

参考文献

^ Jaschik, Scott. 'Breaking Ranks' is a new book that attacks 'U.S. News'. Inside Higher Ed. April 11, 2022 [7 May 2022] （英语）.
^ Elsen-Rooney, Michael. Columbia math professor questions numbers behind university's #2 ranking on U.S. News list. nydailynews.com. 2022-03-06 [2022-03-13].
^ Lukpat, Alyssa. Former Temple U. Dean Found Guilty of Faking Data for National Rankings. The New York Times. 2021-11-30 [2022-03-13]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.
^ Jaschik, Scott. University of Oklahoma stripped of 'U.S. News' ranking for supplying false information. Inside Higher Ed. 2019-05-28 [2022-03-13] （英语）.
^ Jaschik, Scott. False 'U.S. News' rankings data discovered for three more universities. Inside Higher Ed. 2018-02-19 [2022-03-13] （英语）.
^ Breslow, Samuel. The Case Against Being (Ranked) the Best. The Student Life. 26 September 2014 [30 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于25 February 2017）.
^ Strauss, Valerie. U.S. News changed the way it ranks colleges. It's still ridiculous.. The Washington Post. 2018-09-12 [30 July 2020] （英语）.
^ Jaschik, Scott. 'U.S. News' says it has shifted rankings to focus on social mobility, but has it?. Inside Higher Ed. 10 September 2018 [30 July 2020] （英语）.
^ Gladwell, Malcolm. The Trouble with College Rankings. The New Yorker. 7 February 2011 [30 July 2020] （美国英语）.
^ Saul, Stephanie and Hartocollis, Anemona "Columbia University Drops Out of U.S. News Rankings for Undergraduate Schools" The New York Times, June 6, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
^ Hartocollis, Anemona. Columbia Loses Its No. 2 Spot in the U.S. News Rankings. The New York Times. 8 July 2022 [24 July 2022].
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Morse, Robert; Brooks, Eric. How U.S. News Calculated the 2024 Best Colleges Rankings. U.S. News & World Report. 2023-09-17 [2023-09-17].
^ Leiby, Richard. The U.S. News college rankings guru. The Washington Post. 9 September 2014.
^ Gnolek, Shari L.; Falciano, Vincenzo T.; Kuncl, Ralph W. Modeling Change and Variation in U.S. News & World Report College Rankings: What would it really take to be in the Top 20?. Research in Higher Education. 2014, 55 (8): 761–779. S2CID 144016491. doi:10.1007/s11162-014-9336-9.
^ Smith, Steve. U.S. News Pulls Social Levers to Break Records for 'Best Colleges' Package. min Online. 19 September 2013 [24 July 2022]. （原始内容存档于23 January 2015）.
^ Bowman, Nicholas A. and Bastedo, Michael N. (2009). "Getting on the Front Page: Organizational Reputation, Status Signals, and the Impact of U.S. News & World Report Rankings on Student Decisions" personal.umich.edu Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Bastedo, Michael N. and Bowman, Nicholas A. (2010). "The U.S. News & World Report College Rankings: Modeling Institutional Effects on Organizational Reputation" personal.umich.edu Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Luca, Michael; Smith, Jonathan. Salience in Quality Disclosure: Evidence from the U.S. News College Rankings. Leadership and Management. 27 September 2011 [29 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于7 November 2013）.
^ Doug, Lederman. 'Manipulating,' Er, Influencing 'U.S. News'. Inside Higher Ed. 2009-06-03 [2022-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-06）（英语）.
^ Jaschik, Scott. Should U.S. News Make Presidents Rich?. Inside Higher Ed. 2007-03-19 [2022-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-22）（英语）.
^ Hieb, Dan. Vandy, Belmont fare well in U.S. News' best college rankings. Nashville Business Journal. 2010-08-17 [2022-05-07].
^ Christopher B. Nelson, "Why you won't find St. John's College ranked in U.S. News & World Report 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-09-27.", University Business: The Magazine for College and University Administrators.
^ A Review of the Methodology for the U.S. News & World Report's Rankings of Undergraduate Colleges and Universities. Washington Monthly. 2000 [2004-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2000-10-18）.
^ Thompson, Nicholas. The Best, The Top, The Most. The New York Times. 2003-08-03 [2022-05-07]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.
^ Jaschik, Scott. More Momentum Against 'U.S. News'. Inside Higher Ed. 20 June 2007.
^ ANNAPOLIS GROUP STATEMENT ON RANKINGS AND RATINGS. Annapolis Group. 19 June 2007.
^ Morse, Robert. About the Annapolis Group's Statement. U.S. News & World Report. 22 June 2007. （原始内容存档于2 July 2007）.
^ Tolela Myers, Michele. The Cost of Bucking College Rankings. The Washington Post. 11 March 2007.
^ Carey, Kevin. College Rankings Reformed (PDF). educationsector.org. [July 28, 2009]. 原始内容存档于August 23, 2009.
^ Sacks, Peter. America's Best College Scam. The Huffington Post. May 25, 2011 [April 26, 2016].
^ Anderson, Nick "U.S. News college rankings draw new complaints and competitors" The Washington Post, September 12, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Korn, Melissa. Yale Law School Abandons U.S. News Rankings, Citing Flawed Methodology. The Wall Street Journal. November 16, 2022 [November 16, 2022].
^ Dunn, Christine Charnosky Allison. Harvard Law Follows Yale Law in Pulling Out of US News Rankings. Law.com. November 16, 2022 [November 16, 2022].
^ Mystal, Elie. Is the "U.S. News" Ranking System Finally Starting to Crumble?. The Nation. November 18, 2022 [November 19, 2022].
^ Nietzel, Michael T. "Despite Boycott, Yale Still Tops U.S. News Best Law School Rankings" Forbes, April 12, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Korn, Melissa. Stanford, Columbia, Penn Medical Schools Expand the Exodus From U.S. News Ranking. The Wall Street Journal. January 24, 2023 [January 24, 2023].
^ U.S. News Medical School Rankings (新闻稿). Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. January 24, 2023.
^ Hartocollis, Anemona. U.S. News Ranked Columbia No. 2, but a Math Professor Has His Doubts. The New York Times. 2022-03-17 [2023-07-05]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.
^ Mueller, Julia. Columbia University no longer submitting data to US News college ranking. The Hill. 2023-06-07 [2023-06-07] （美国英语）.
^ Anderson, Nick "U.S. News college rankings are scrambled as its formula changes" The Washington Post, September 18, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.

延伸阅读

Diver, Colin S. Breaking Ranks: How the Rankings Industry Rules Higher Education and What to Do about It. 巴尔的摩: 约翰斯·霍普金斯大学出版社. 2022 [7 May 2022]. ISBN 9781421443058. OCLC 1246674491.

外部链接

[:0-1] Jaschik, Scott. 'Breaking Ranks' is a new book that attacks 'U.S. News'. Inside Higher Ed. April 11, 2022 [7 May 2022] （英语）.

[:1-2] Elsen-Rooney, Michael. Columbia math professor questions numbers behind university's #2 ranking on U.S. News list. nydailynews.com. 2022-03-06 [2022-03-13].

[:2-3] Lukpat, Alyssa. Former Temple U. Dean Found Guilty of Faking Data for National Rankings. The New York Times. 2021-11-30 [2022-03-13]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.

[:3-4] Jaschik, Scott. University of Oklahoma stripped of 'U.S. News' ranking for supplying false information. Inside Higher Ed. 2019-05-28 [2022-03-13] （英语）.

[:4-5] Jaschik, Scott. False 'U.S. News' rankings data discovered for three more universities. Inside Higher Ed. 2018-02-19 [2022-03-13] （英语）.

[TSL_rankings-6] Breslow, Samuel. The Case Against Being (Ranked) the Best. The Student Life. 26 September 2014 [30 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于25 February 2017）.

[WaPo_ridiculous-7] Strauss, Valerie. U.S. News changed the way it ranks colleges. It's still ridiculous.. The Washington Post. 2018-09-12 [30 July 2020] （英语）.

[IHE_rankings-8] Jaschik, Scott. 'U.S. News' says it has shifted rankings to focus on social mobility, but has it?. Inside Higher Ed. 10 September 2018 [30 July 2020] （英语）.

[Gladwell_NYer-9] Gladwell, Malcolm. The Trouble with College Rankings. The New Yorker. 7 February 2011 [30 July 2020] （美国英语）.

[10] Saul, Stephanie and Hartocollis, Anemona "Columbia University Drops Out of U.S. News Rankings for Undergraduate Schools" The New York Times, June 6, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.

[11] Hartocollis, Anemona. Columbia Loses Its No. 2 Spot in the U.S. News Rankings. The New York Times. 8 July 2022 [24 July 2022].

[:6-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Morse, Robert; Brooks, Eric. How U.S. News Calculated the 2024 Best Colleges Rankings. U.S. News & World Report. 2023-09-17 [2023-09-17].

[morse-wapo-profile-13] Leiby, Richard. The U.S. News college rankings guru. The Washington Post. 9 September 2014.

[:7-14] Gnolek, Shari L.; Falciano, Vincenzo T.; Kuncl, Ralph W. Modeling Change and Variation in U.S. News & World Report College Rankings: What would it really take to be in the Top 20?. Research in Higher Education. 2014, 55 (8): 761–779. S2CID 144016491. doi:10.1007/s11162-014-9336-9.

[minonline-15] Smith, Steve. U.S. News Pulls Social Levers to Break Records for 'Best Colleges' Package. min Online. 19 September 2013 [24 July 2022]. （原始内容存档于23 January 2015）.

[umich.edu-16] Bowman, Nicholas A. and Bastedo, Michael N. (2009). "Getting on the Front Page: Organizational Reputation, Status Signals, and the Impact of U.S. News & World Report Rankings on Student Decisions" personal.umich.edu Retrieved June 29, 2010.

[umich2.edu-17] Bastedo, Michael N. and Bowman, Nicholas A. (2010). "The U.S. News & World Report College Rankings: Modeling Institutional Effects on Organizational Reputation" personal.umich.edu Retrieved June 29, 2010.

[:5-18] Luca, Michael; Smith, Jonathan. Salience in Quality Disclosure: Evidence from the U.S. News College Rankings. Leadership and Management. 27 September 2011 [29 September 2011]. （原始内容存档于7 November 2013）.

[19] Doug, Lederman. 'Manipulating,' Er, Influencing 'U.S. News'. Inside Higher Ed. 2009-06-03 [2022-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-06）（英语）.

[20] Jaschik, Scott. Should U.S. News Make Presidents Rich?. Inside Higher Ed. 2007-03-19 [2022-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-22）（英语）.

[21] Hieb, Dan. Vandy, Belmont fare well in U.S. News' best college rankings. Nashville Business Journal. 2010-08-17 [2022-05-07].

[22] Christopher B. Nelson, "Why you won't find St. John's College ranked in U.S. News & World Report 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-09-27.", University Business: The Magazine for College and University Administrators.

[23] A Review of the Methodology for the U.S. News & World Report's Rankings of Undergraduate Colleges and Universities. Washington Monthly. 2000 [2004-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2000-10-18）.

[24] Thompson, Nicholas. The Best, The Top, The Most. The New York Times. 2003-08-03 [2022-05-07]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.

[25] Jaschik, Scott. More Momentum Against 'U.S. News'. Inside Higher Ed. 20 June 2007.

[26] ANNAPOLIS GROUP STATEMENT ON RANKINGS AND RATINGS. Annapolis Group. 19 June 2007.

[aboutanna-27] Morse, Robert. About the Annapolis Group's Statement. U.S. News & World Report. 22 June 2007. （原始内容存档于2 July 2007）.

[Tolela_Myers-28] Tolela Myers, Michele. The Cost of Bucking College Rankings. The Washington Post. 11 March 2007.

[29] Carey, Kevin. College Rankings Reformed (PDF). educationsector.org. [July 28, 2009]. 原始内容存档于August 23, 2009.

[30] Sacks, Peter. America's Best College Scam. The Huffington Post. May 25, 2011 [April 26, 2016].

[31] Anderson, Nick "U.S. News college rankings draw new complaints and competitors" The Washington Post, September 12, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.

[32] Korn, Melissa. Yale Law School Abandons U.S. News Rankings, Citing Flawed Methodology. The Wall Street Journal. November 16, 2022 [November 16, 2022].

[33] Dunn, Christine Charnosky Allison. Harvard Law Follows Yale Law in Pulling Out of US News Rankings. Law.com. November 16, 2022 [November 16, 2022].

[34] Mystal, Elie. Is the "U.S. News" Ranking System Finally Starting to Crumble?. The Nation. November 18, 2022 [November 19, 2022].

[35] Nietzel, Michael T. "Despite Boycott, Yale Still Tops U.S. News Best Law School Rankings" Forbes, April 12, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.

[36] Korn, Melissa. Stanford, Columbia, Penn Medical Schools Expand the Exodus From U.S. News Ranking. The Wall Street Journal. January 24, 2023 [January 24, 2023].

[37] U.S. News Medical School Rankings (新闻稿). Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. January 24, 2023.

[38] Hartocollis, Anemona. U.S. News Ranked Columbia No. 2, but a Math Professor Has His Doubts. The New York Times. 2022-03-17 [2023-07-05]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.

[39] Mueller, Julia. Columbia University no longer submitting data to US News college ranking. The Hill. 2023-06-07 [2023-06-07] （美国英语）.

[40] Anderson, Nick "U.S. News college rankings are scrambled as its formula changes" The Washington Post, September 18, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2024.

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U.S. News美国大学排行榜

排名方法

影响力

争议

参考文献

延伸阅读

外部链接

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia