1917年，当物理研究所在柏林建立时，爱因斯坦担任主任，而冯·劳厄则任副主任，负责研究所的大部分管理工作，与德国的科学研究接触紧密，在这段时期及以后，冯·劳厄对德国科学研究的发展起到了重要的作用。柏林在二战中被炸后，1944年，冯·劳厄随着物理研究所一起搬迁到了黑欣根，并一直在那里工作到1945年，其间，他致力于《物理学历史》（Geschichte der Physik）一书的撰写，这本书先后共出版了四版，被从德语翻译成其他7种语言。冯·劳厄在黑欣根迎接了法国军队的到来，并被一项英美联合任务被扣留去了英国，一同被拘留的共有10位德国核物理学家，直到1946年获释。在英国期间，冯·劳厄写了一篇关于X射线衍射时的低吸收的论文，于1948年贡献给了在哈佛大学的国际晶体学家联盟。1946年，他作为马克斯·普朗克研究所的执行主任前往哥廷根，任哥廷根大学的名誉教授。
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