Мексичка револуција

Овај чланак је о политичким превирањима и грађанском рату у Мексику 1910-их. За мексичку борбу за независност почетком 19. века погледајте Мексички рат за независност.

Мексичка револуција (шп. Revolución mexicana) је израз којим се описују политичка превирања, пучеви и серија грађанских ратова у Мексику који су оквирно трајали од 1910. до 1920. године.^[1]

Отпочео је као настојање мексичких либерала на челу са Франсиском Мадером да се свргне вишедеценијски аутократски режим председника Порфирија Дијаза; године 1911. је Дијаз био присиљен да одступи, те је нови председник постао Мадеро.^[1] Његово оклевање да спроведе популарне социјалне и економске реформе је изазвало нове побуне од радикалних револуционара, а почетком 1913. пуч у коме га је свргнуо и убио генерал Викторијано Уерта.^[2]^[3] Њега је, пак, године 1914. уз помоћ Панча Виље и Емилијана Запате свргнуо Венустијано Каранза^[1]; одмах потом су се Виља и Запата сукобили са Каранзом, који их је постепено успео војнички поразити и прикупити довољно политичке подршке да почетком 1917. исходи доношење новог устава^[1] са бројним реформама које су укључивале расподелу земље сиромашним сељацима и секуларизацију државе. Тај се догађај понекад наводи као крај револуције, иако су се оружани сукоби наставили још три године, а сам Каранза 1920. био свргнут у пучу који је извео његов дотадашњи присталица Алваро Обрегон.^[1]^[4]^[5]

Нови режим је, међутим, тековине Устава оставио нетакнутим и, упркос повременим мањим устанцима и побунама до краја 1920-их, омогућио постепено претварање Мексика у једну од политички најстабилнијих земаља Латинске Америке. Тековине Мексичке револуције су представљале политичку платформу Националне револуционарне партије, данас познате као Институционална револуционарна партија, а која је Мексиком формално владала од оснивања 1929. до 2000. године.

Види још

Референце

^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д Мишић, Милан, ур. (2005). Енциклопедија Британика. Л-М. Београд: Политика : Народна књига. стр. 151. ISBN 86-331-2116-6.
^ John Tutino (1986). From Insurrection to Revolution: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence, 1750–1940. Princeton: Princeton University Press. стр. 327. ,.
^ Friedrich Katz (1981). The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. стр. 35. ISBN 978-0-226-42588-7. ,.
^ McLynn, Frank (2001). „The Revolt Against Huerta”. Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. United States: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1088-8.
^ McLynn, Frank (2001). „Villa at His Zenith; The End of Huerta; The Convention of Aguascalientes”. Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. United States: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1088-8.

Литература

Мексичка револуција - општа историја

Brenner, Anita, The Wind that Swept Mexico . New Edition. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1984.
Brewster, Keith. "Mexican Revolution: October 1910 – February 1913" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 2, pp. 850–855. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
Crossen, John F. "Mexican Revolution: October 1915 – May 1917" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 2, pp. 859–862. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
Cumberland, Charles C. (1952). Mexican Revolution: Genesis under Madero. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. .
Cumberland, Charles C. (1972). Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years. Austin, T: University of Texas Press. .
Gilly, A, The Mexican Revolution . London, 1983.
Gonzales, Michael J. (2002). The Mexican Revolution: 1910–1940. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. .
Hart, John Mason. (1987). Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05995-5. .
Katz, Friedrich. The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
Knight, Alan. The Mexican Revolution, Volume 1: Porfirians, Liberals, and Peasants (1986); The Mexican Revolution, Volume 2: Counter-revolution and Reconstruction. University of Nebraska Press, 1986.
Krauze, Enrique. (1997). Mexico: Biography of Power. New York: HarperCollins. .
Matute, Alvaro. "Mexican Revolution: May 1917 – December 1920" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 2, pp. 862–864. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
Niemeyer, Victor E. (1974). Revolution at Querétaro: The Mexican Constitutional Convention of 1916–1917. Austin: University of Texas Press. .
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Quirk, Robert E. (1973). The Mexican Revolution and the Catholic Church 1910–1919. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo. (1980). The Great Rebellion: Mexico, 1905–1924. New York: Norton. .
Tuñon Pablos, Esperanza. "Mexican Revolution: February 1913 – October 1915," in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 2, pp. 855–859 . Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997
Tutino, John (1985), From Insurrection to Revolution, Princeton: Princeton University Press .
Wasserman, Mark, The Mexican Revolution: A Brief History with Documents . (Bedford Cultural Editions Series) first edition, 2012.
Wilkie, James. (1967). The Mexican Revolution: Federal Expenditure and Social Change since 1910. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. .
Womack, John, Jr. "The Mexican Revolution" in The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 5, ed. Leslie Bethell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Биографија и друштвена историја

Baldwin, Deborah J (1990), Protestants and the Mexican Revolution: Missionaries, Ministers, and Social Change, Urbana: University of Illinois Press .
Beezley, William H (1973), Insurgent Governor: Abraham González and the Mexican Revolution in Chihuahua, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press .
Brunk, Samuel (1995), Emiliano Zapata: Revolution and Betrayal in Mexico, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press .
Buchenau, Jürgen, Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefied 2007.
Buchenau, Jürgen. The Last Caudillo: Alvaro Obregón and the Mexican Revolution. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell 2011.
Caballero, Raymond (2015). Lynching Pascual Orozco, Mexican Revolutionary Hero and Paradox. Create Space. ISBN 978-1514382509.
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Fisher, Lillian Estelle (фебруар 1942). „The Influence of the Present Mexican Revolution upon the Status of Mexican Women”. Hispanic American Historical Review. 22 (1): 211—228. doi:10.1215/00182168-22.1.211. .
Garner, Paul (2001), Porfirio Díaz, New York: Pearson .
Guzmán, Martín Luis. Memoirs of Pancho Villa. Translated by Virginia H. Taylor. Austin: University of Texas Press 1966.
Hall, Linda (1981), Alvaro Obregón, Power, and Revolution in Mexico, 1911–1920, College Station: Texas A&M Press .
Henderson, Peter V.N. (2000). In the Absence of Don Porfirio: Francisco León de la Barra and the Mexican Revolution. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 978-0-8420-2774-8.
Katz, Friedrich. The Life and Times of Pancho Villa. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998.
Lomnitz, Claudio (2014), The Return of Comrade Ricardo Flores Magón, Brooklyn NY: Zone Books .
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Meyer, Michael. (1972). Huerta: A Political Portrait. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. .
Meyer, Michael. (1967). Mexican Rebel: Pascual Orozco and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1915. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. .
Poniatowska, Elena. Las Soldaderas: Women of the Mexican Revolution. Texas: Cinco Puntos Press; First Edition, November 2006
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Ross, Stanley R (1955), Francisco I. Madero: Apostle of Democracy, New York: Columbia University Press .
Richmond, Douglas W. (1983). Venustiano Carranza's Nationalist Struggle: 1893–1920. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. .
Shadle, Stanley F (1994), Andrés Molina Enríquez: Mexican Land Reformer of the Revolutionary Era, Tucson: University of Arizona Press .
Smith, Stephanie J. (2009). Gender and the Mexican Revolution: Yucatán Women and the Realities of Patriarchy. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
Womack, John, Jr. Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. New York: Vintage Press 1970.

Регионалне историје

Benjamin, Thomas and Mark Wasserman, eds. (1990). Provinces of the Revolution. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. .
Blaisdell, Lowell. (1962). The Desert Revolution, Baja California 1911. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. .
Brading, D.A., ed. Caudillo and Peasant in the Mexican Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Joseph, Gilbert. (1982). Revolution from Without: Yucatán, Mexico, and the United States, 1880–1924. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23516-7. .
Harris, Charles H. III. (2009). The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. .
Jacobs, Ian. (1983). Ranchero Revolt: The Mexican Revolution in Guerrero. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77026-3. .
LaFrance, David G. (1989). The Mexican Revolution in Puebla, 1908–1913: The Maderista Movement and Failure of Liberal Reform. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. .
Snodgrass, Michael. (2003). Deference and Defiance in Monterrey: Workers, Paternalism, and Revolution in Mexico, 1890–1950. Cambridge University Press. .
Wasserman, Robert. (1984). Capitalists, Caciques, and Revolution: The Native Elites and Foreign Enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854–1911. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1580-9. .

Међународне димензије

Buchenau, Jürgen, "Mexican Revolution: Foreign Intervention" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 2, pp. 865–869. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
Clendenin, Clarence C (1981), The United States and Pancho Villa: A study in unconventional diplomacy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press .
Cline, Howard F, The United States and Mexico . 2nd edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961.
Gilderhus, M.T. (1977). Diplomacy and Revolution: U.S.-Mexican Relations under Wilson and Carranza. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-0630-9. .
Grieb, K.J. The United States and Huerta. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1969.
Haley, P. E. Revolution and Intervention: The diplomacy of Taft and Wilson with Mexico, 1910–1917. Cambridge, 1970.
Hart, John Mason. (2002). Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22324-0. .
Katz, Friedrich (1981), The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
Meyer, Lorenzo, The Mexican Revolution and the Anglo-Saxon Powers, LaJolla: Center for U. S .-Mexico Studies. University of California San Diego, 1985.
Quirk, Robert E (1962), An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and the Occupation of Veracruz, Louisville: University of Kentucky Press .
Stefan Rinke, Michael Wildt (eds.): Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions. 1917 and its Aftermath from a Global Perspective. Campus 2017.
Smith, Robert Freeman. (1972). The United States and Revolutionary Nationalism in Mexico 1916–1932. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76506-8. .
Teitelbaum, Louis M. (1967). Woodrow Wilson and the Mexican Revolution. New York: Exposition Press. .

Сећање и културне димензије

Benjamin, Thomas. (2000). La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History. Austin: University of Texas Press. .
Brunk, Samuel. (2008). The Posthumous Career of Emiliano Zapata: Myth, Memory, and Mexico's Twentieth Century. Austin: University of Texas Press. .
Buchenau, Jürgen. "The Arm and Body of a Revolution: Remembering Mexico's Last Caudillo, Álvaro Obregón" in Lyman L. Johnson, ed. Body Politics: Death, Dismemberment, and Memory in Latin America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2004. стр. 179—207. ,
Foster, David, W., ed. (1994). Mexican Literature: A History. Austin: University of Texas Press. .
Hoy, Terry (јул 1982). „Octavio Paz: The Search for Mexican Identity”. The Review of Politics. 44 (3): 370—385. doi:10.1017/S0034670500046623. .
Gonzales, Michael J (summer 2009). „Imagining Mexico in 1921: Visions of the Revolutionary State and Society in the Centennial Celebration in Mexico City”. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos. 25 (2): 247—270. Проверите вредност парамет(а)ра за датум: |date= (помоћ),.
Herrera Sobek, María (1990). The Mexican Corrido: A Feminist Analysis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-32739-0. .
Oles, James, ed. (1993). South of the Border, Mexico in the American Imagination, 1914–1947. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery. .
O'Malley, Ilene V. (1986). The Myth of the Revolution: Hero Cults and the Institutionalization of the Mexican State, 1920–1940. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-25184-9.
Ross, Stanley, ed. (1975). Is the Mexican Revolution Dead?. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. .
Rutherford, John D. (1971). Mexican society during the Revolution: a literary approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827183-3. .
Simmons, Merle. (1957). The Mexican corrido as a source of interpretive study of modern Mexico, 1900–1970. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. .
Vaughn, Mary K. (1997). Negotiating Revolutionary Culture: Mexico, 1930–1940. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. .
Weinstock, Herbert (октобар 1936). „Carlos Chavez”. The Musical Quarterly. 4 (4): 435—445. doi:10.1093/mq/XXII.4.435. 22: .

Визуелна култура: графике, слика, филм, фотографија

Barajas, Rafael (2009), Myth and Mitote: The Political Caricature of José Guadalupe Posada and Manuel Alfonso Manila, Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica
Britton, John A. (1995). Revolution and Ideology Images of the Mexican Revolution in the United States. Louisville: University Press of Kentucky. .
Coffey, Mary. (2012). How a Revolutionary Art Became Official Culture: Murals, Museums, and the Mexican State. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. .
Doremus, Anne T, Culture, Politics, and National Identity in Mexican Literature and Film, 1929–1952, New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc ., 2001.
Elliott, Ingrid. "Visual Arts: 1910–37, The Revolutionary Tradition.". Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. 1997. стр. 1576—1584. ,.
Flores, Tatiana. (2013). Mexico's Revolutionary Avant-Gardes: From Estridentismo to ¡30–30!. New Haven: Yale University Press. .
Folgarait, Leonard (1998), Mural Painting and Social Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
Ittman, John, ed. (2006). Mexico and Modern Printmaking, A Revolution in the Graphic Arts, 1920 to 1950. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art. .
McCard, Victoria L, Soldaderas of the Mexican revolution (The Evolution of War and Its Representation in Literature and Film) , an article from West Virginia University Philological Papers 51 (2006), pgs. 43–51.
Mora, Carl J., Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society 1896–2004. Berkeley: University of California Press, 3rd edition, 2005
Myers, Bernard S. (1956). Mexican Painting in Our Time. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Mraz, John (2012), Photographing the Mexican Revolution: Commitments, Testimonies, Icons, Austin: University of Texas Press .
Noble, Andrea (2010). Photography and Memory in Mexico: Icons of Revolution. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Noble, Andrea (2005). Mexican National Cinema. London: Routledge.
Orellana, Margarita de (2007). Filming Pancho Villa: How Hollywood Shaped the Mexican Revolution: North American Cinema and Mexico, 1911–1917. New York: Verso.
Ortiz Monasterio, Pablo. Mexico: The Revolution and Beyond: Photographs by Agustín Victor Casasola, 1900–1940. New York: Aperture 2003.
Paranagua, Paula Antonio. (1995). Mexican Cinema. London: British Film Institute. .
Pick, Zuzana M. (2010). Constructing the Image of the Mexican Revolution: Cinema and the Archive. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72108-1. .
¡Tierra y Libertad! Photographs of Mexico 1900–1935 from the Casasola Archive. Oxford: Museum of Modern Art. 1985. ISBN 978-84-934426-51.
Pineda, Franco, Adela. The Mexican Revolution on the World Stage: Intellectuals and Film in the Twentieth Century, . 13. SUNY Press. 2019. ISBN 978–1-4384-7561-5 неважећи ISBN.

Историографија

Bailey, D. M (1978). „Revisionism and the recent historiography of the Mexican Revolution.”. Hispanic American Historical Review. 1: 62—79. doi:10.1215/00182168-58.1.62. .
Brunk, Samuel (2008). The Posthumous Career of Emiliano Zapata. University of Texas Press.
Golland, David Hamilton (2014). „Recent Works on the Mexican Revolution.”. Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe. 16 (1). . online
Knight, Alan. "Mexican Revolution: Interpretations" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 2, pp. 869–873. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
Knight, Alan (1985). „The Mexican Revolution: Bourgeois? Nationalist? Or Just a 'Great Rebellion'”. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 4 (2): 1—37. JSTOR 3338313. doi:10.2307/3338313.
Knight, Alan (1992). „Viewpoint: Revisionism and Revolution”. Past and Present (134). , .
McNamara, Patrick J (2014). „Rewriting Zapata: Generational Conflict on the Eve of the Mexican Revolution.”. Mexican Studies-Estudios Mexicanos. 30 (1): 122—149. doi:10.1525/msem.2014.30.1.122. .
Tannenbaum, Frank (1930). „Land Reform in Mexico”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 150: 238—247. JSTOR 1017079. doi:10.1177/000271623015000131.
Van Young, Eric (1999). „Making Leviathan Sneeze: Recent Works on Mexico and the Mexican Revolution”. Latin American Research Review. 34 (2): 143—165. JSTOR 2503966. doi:10.1017/S0023879100039406.
Wasserman, Mark (2008). „You Can Teach An Old Revolutionary Historiography New Tricks: Regions, Popular Movements, Culture, and Gender in Mexico, 1820–1940”. Latin American Research Review. 43 (2): 260—271. doi:10.1353/lar.0.0015.
Womack, John Jr. "Mexican Revolution: Bibliographical Essay" in Mexico Since Independence, Leslie Bethell, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 405–414.

Примарни извори

Angelini, Erin. "The Bigger Truth About Mexico"
Bulnes, Francisco. The Whole Truth About Mexico: The Mexican Revolution and President Wilson's Part Therein, as seen by a Cientifico. New York: M. Bulnes Book Company 1916.
O'Shaunessy, Edith. A Diplomat's Wife in Mexico. New York: Harper 1916.
Reed, John. (1969). Insurgent México. New York: International Publishers. .
Turner, John Kenneth. Barbarous Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press 1984.
Wasserman, Mark, The Mexican Revolution: A Brief History with Documents . (Bedford Cultural Editions Series) first edition, 2012.

Онлајн

Brunk, Samuel (април 1996). „The Banditry of Zapatismo in the Mexican Revolution”. The American Historical Review. Washington. 101 (2): 131. ProQuest 199844981. .
Brunk, Samuel. "Zapata and the City Boys: In Search of a Piece of Revolution". Hispanic American Historical Review. Duke University Press, 1993.
„From Soldaderas to Comandantes”. Архивирано из оригинала 4. 10. 2006. г. Zapatista Direct Solidarity Committee. University of Texas.
Gilbert, Dennis (зима 2003). „Emiliano Zapata: Textbook Hero”. Mexican Studies. Berkley. 19 (1): 127—159. doi:10.1525/msem.2003.19.1.127.
Hardman, John. „"Soldiers of Fortune" in the Mexican Revolution”. Архивирано из оригинала 09. 01. 2014. г. Приступљено 24. 03. 2021. . "Postcards of the Mexican Revolution"
Merewether Charles, Collections Curator, Getty Research Institute, "Mexico: From Empire to Revolution", January 2002.
Rausch, George J. (1962). „The Exile and Death of Victoriano Huerta”. The Hispanic American Historical Review. 42 (2): 133—151. JSTOR 2510294. doi:10.2307/2510294.
Tuck, Jim. "„Zapata and the Intellectuals.”. Архивирано из оригинала 21. 12. 2008. г. Приступљено 24. 03. 2021. " Mexico Connect, 1996–2006.