教宗無誤論是天主教會的信條(英语:Dogma in the Catholic Church)之一,正式始於1870年,在第一次梵蒂岡大公會議中,由當時的教宗庇護九世正式頒佈為天主教教義,此教義有很嚴格的規範,規定教宗在什麼情況下的言論才可算絕對無錯誤。總括來說,所謂教宗無謬誤,並不是指他所說的每一句話都是絕對正確,而是他代表教會所宣告關於信仰和道德的訓令,才列入無誤的範圍。[1][2]所以這是指教宗在公告信仰教理上不能錯誤,而非指教宗是永遠正確。這是借助耶穌對伯多祿的承諾,教宗能保留犯錯的可能性。[3]當他行使作為所有信徒的牧者和教師時,他憑藉其最高的使徒權威,去定義一些有關信仰和道德的教條並由全教會執行。[4]
克勞斯·沙茨(Klaus Schatz)稱教宗無謬誤的教條是「不可能確定於單一作者或年代作為起始點」。其他學者如布賴恩·蒂爾尼(Brian Tierney)則認為教宗無謬誤的教條是由中世紀的伯多祿·若望·奧利維(英语:Peter John Olivi)提議的。沙茨和其他學者視這教條的根源是來自更遠的早期基督教時期。
布萊恩·蒂爾尼認為13世紀的方濟各會神父伯多祿·奧利維是為教宗無謬誤定下基礎的第一人。[33]蒂爾尼的想法被奧格斯·伯恩哈德·哈斯勒(August Bernhard Hasler)和貴格利·積遜(Gregory Lee Jackson)接受;[34]詹姆斯·哈夫(James Heft)[35]和約翰·克魯斯(John V. Kruse)[36]則拒絕認同。沙茨指出奧利維不應如蒂爾尼提議般,在這教條上有如此重要的角色,因為蒂爾尼是一位不能被早期正典學者和神學家的工作認同的人,而他的主要的教導來自奧利維兩個世紀後的15世紀;沙茨宣稱「可能確定於單一作者或年代作為起始點」。[37]爾里希·霍斯特(Ulrich Horst)以同一原因批評蒂爾尼的觀點。[38]馬克·鮑威爾(Mark E. Powell)以他的新教評估教宗無謬誤的一般性問題,他拒絕承認蒂爾尼有關13世紀的奧利維理論,即認為教宗無謬誤的教條定調於第一次梵蒂岡大公會議,且有源自 14 世紀的傳統。鮑威爾特別引述·泰雷尼(英语:Guido Terrena)主教的重要性,並認為教宗無謬誤是主教不斷宣告擁有這權力,以及長久發展下來的。[39]
在反宗教改革後的時期,羅馬大聖托馬斯學校的多明尼加神學院,即後來的聖托馬斯·阿奎那天主教大學的阿格利暗(Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum)積極地維護教宗無謬誤的教條。由 1654 年至 1672 年出任聖托馬斯大學的院務長的費雷(Vincentius,1682)在他的神學論文(De Fide)中為教宗無謬誤護航,[46]他指基督說「我已為你──伯多祿祈禱,這足已證明無謬誤並不是對教會承諾,因教會是由頭(seorsum)分離出來;卻是對頭(seorsum)承諾,因從他那裏能成為教會的來源」。[47]羅馬聖托馬斯大學神學教授多米尼克·格拉維納關注教宗無謬誤的問題,寫道「對教宗來說,他是一(人)而且孤獨的,他被賦予為頭」;另外,「羅馬教宗在時間性上是合一的,所以就個人而言他是無謬誤的」。[48]同樣作為聖托馬斯大學神學教授的文森佐瑪麗亞·加蒂為教宗無謬誤辯護,指出基督的話「我已為你祈禱」等等,是「單單對教會或宗徒以外的伯多祿承諾不易駁倒的原因;但這並不對不代表頭(seorsum)和與頭一起的其他使徒或對教會作出承諾。」他補充「因此伯多祿即使是在教會以外,仍然是無謬誤的」。[49]
教宗無謬誤的概念比第一次梵蒂岡會議成立的教條更廣泛,故遭很多教宗明確地拒絕。因此,在十四世紀主張無謬誤論的方濟各會,和十三世紀的伯多祿·若望·奧利維(英语:Peter John Olivi)[59]對於教宗尼各老三世的聲明被教宗若望二十二世[60][61][62]拒絕。他譴責方濟會的條款是:「……留下開放的路讓日後的神學家能重新用不同語言去制定無謬誤論的教義」,就像神學家圭多,他是教宗若望二十二世教廷的成員,在 1330 年說「較接近十九世紀的教宗無謬誤論的教義比任何已經開發較早」[63],及預期第一次梵蒂岡會議的教義。
^Erwin Fahlbusch et al. The encyclopedia of Christianity Eradman Books ISBN 0-8028-2416-1
^Wilhelm, Joseph and Thomas Scannell. Manual of Catholic Theology. Volume 1, Part 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd. 1906. pp 94–100.
^Solemn canonization is considered an infallible declaration and has been used many times by popes. Cf. Catholic Encyclopedia article on Beatification and Canonization
^Encyclopedia of Catholicism by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton 207 ISBN 0-8160-5455-X page 267
^"We declare, say, define, and pronounce that it is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature to be subject to the Roman Pontiff."
^Manning, Henry Cardinal. Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1875. pg 57, et. seq.: "But it is also true that these relations have been declared by the Church in acts and decrees of infallible authority. Such, for instance, is the bull of Boniface VIII., Unam Sanctam. As this has become the text and centre of the whole controversy at this moment, we will fully treat of it. This bull, then, was beyond all doubt an act ex cathedra... Whatever definition, therefore, is to be found in this bull is to be received as of faith."
^Fisher, George Parker. History of Christian Doctrine. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. 1896. page 543
^"We declare, pronounce, and define that the doctrine which holds that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin, is a doctrine revealed by God and therefore to be believed firmly and constantly by all the faithful."
^MacArthur, John F., Jr. Charismatic Chaos. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. 1992. page 90
^Tierney, Brian (1972). Origins of papal infallibility, 1150–1350: a study on the concepts of infallibility, sovereignty and tradition in the Middle Ages. Brill Archive. pp. 46–47.
^Remigius Coulon, Ferre: Vincent, in: Dictionary of Catholic Theology, ed. by A. Vacant, E. Mangenor and E. Amann, Vol 5/2, Paris 1913, 2176 -2177.
^De Fide, quaest. xii, apud Rocaberti, tom. xx, p. 388, quoted in The Vatican Council and Its Definitions: Pastoral Letter to the Clergy, Henry Edward Manning (1871), 105. http://books.google.com/books?id=_MMPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Accessed 2-17-2013. Ferre also writes:"The exposition of certain Paris (doctors) is of no avail, who affirm that Christ only promised that the faith should not fail of the Church founded upon Peter; and not that it should not fail in the successors of Peter taken apart from (seorsum) the Church"
^Jackson, G. L., (207) Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison of three Christian Confessionsp185.
^ 60.060.1Hasler, A. B., (1981) How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion (Doubleday; Garden City, NY),pp 36–37
^Tierney, B., (1972) Origins of Papal Infallibility 1150–1350 – A Study on the Concepts of Infallibility, Sovereignty, and Tradition in the Middle Ages (E J Brill; Leiden, Netherlands), p171
^Thomas Turley, "Infallibilists in the Curia of Pope John XXII" Journal of Medieval History (April 1975), 1 (1), pp. 71–101 (Abstract)
^"Romano pontifici sub hoc ultimo respectu considerato, et ubi loquitur, ut dicunt, ex cathedra, infallibilitatem attribuunt Ultramontani theologi, quibus alii, et Galli speciatim, contradicunt" G. Finch, The Romish Controversy (British Society for Promoting the Religious Principles of the Reformation, London 1850), vol. II, p. 846
^W. J. Sparrow Simpson, Roman Catholic Opposition to Papal Infallibility (John Murray 1909)
^Avery Dulles, "Newman on Infallibility" in Theological Studies 51 (1990), p. 444
^Tierney, Origins of Papal Infallibility, 1150–1350 (Brill 1972), p. 281
^Darkness and Light: The Analysis of Doctrinal Statements (Paulist Press, 1975), and see Germain Grisez, "Note. Infallibility and Contraception: A Reply to Garth Hallett" in Theological Studies 47 (1986)
^Roger O'Toole, Review of "How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion" by August Bernhard Hasler; Peter Heinegg, Sociological Analysis, Vol. 43, No. 1. (Spring, 1982), pp. 86–88, at p. 87.
^Infallibility: A Protestant Evaluation of an Ecumenical Issue, (ISBN 978-0-8028-6284-6 Published by William B Eerdmans Publishing Co), p. 23
^petra: Rm. 8:33; 1Cor. 10:4; 1Pet. 2:8; lithos: Mat. 21:42; Mk.12:10–11; Lk. 20:17–18; Act. 4:11; Rm. 9:33; Eph. 2:20; 1Pet. 2:4–8; cf. Dt. 32:4, Is. 28:16; Ephesians 2:20 speaks of the church as "built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets"
^Augustine, On the Gospel of John Tractate 12435, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers Series I, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1983, 7:450, as cited in White, Answers to Catholic Claims, p. 106
^John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, p. 1105; Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960
^Timothy Larsen; Daniel J. Trier (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-521-60974-6.
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