Timeline of programming languages This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Timeline of programming languages" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Timeline of programming languages" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Programming language lists Alphabetical Categorical Chronological Generational v t e This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. This is a record of notable programming languages, by decade. Pre-1950 Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1804 Jacquard machine Joseph Marie Jacquard none (unique language) 1879 Begriffsschrift Gottlob Frege none (unique language) 1943–45 Plankalkül (year of conceptualization) Konrad Zuse none (unique language) 1943–46 ENIAC coding system John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert and Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing. The first programmers of ENIAC were Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Meltzer, Fran Bilas, and Ruth Lichterman. none (unique language) 1946 ENIAC Short Code Richard Clippinger and John von Neumann after Alan Turing none (unique language) 1947–52 ARC/Birkbeck Assembler Kathleen Booth ENIAC Short Code[1] 1948 Plankalkül (year of concept publication) Konrad Zuse none (unique language) 1949 EDSAC Initial Orders David Wheeler ENIAC coding system 1949 Short Code (originally known as Brief Code) John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt ENIAC Short Code Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1950s Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1950 Short Code (for UNIVAC I) William F. Schmitt Short Code 1951 Superplan Heinz Rutishauser Plankalkül 1951 ALGAE Edward A. Voorhees and Karl Balke none (unique language) 1951 Intermediate Programming Language Arthur Burks Short Code 1951 Boehm unnamed coding system Corrado Böhm CPC Coding scheme 1951 Klammerausdrücke Konrad Zuse Plankalkül 1951 Stanislaus (Notation) Fritz Bauer none (unique language) 1951 Sort Merge Generator Betty Holberton none (unique language) 1952 Short Code (for UNIVAC II) Albert B. Tonik,[2] J. R. Logan Short Code (for UNIVAC I) 1952 A-0 Grace Hopper Short Code 1952 Glennie Autocode Alick Glennie after Alan Turing CPC Coding scheme 1952 Operator programming Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov with the participation Kateryna Yushchenko MESM 1952 Editing Generator Milly Koss SORT/MERGE 1952 COMPOOL RAND/SDC none (unique language) 1953 Speedcoding John W. Backus none (unique language) 1953 READ/PRINT Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman none (unique language) 1954 Laning and Zierler system Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind none (unique language) 1954 Mark I Autocode Tony Brooker Glennie Autocode 1954–55 FORTRAN (concept) Team led by John W. Backus at IBM Speedcoding 1954 ARITH-MATIC Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC A-0 1954 MATH-MATIC Team led by Charles Katz A-0 1954 MATRIX MATH H G Kahrimanian none (unique language) 1954 IPL I (concept) Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon none (unique language) 1955 Address programming language Kateryna Yushchenko Operator programming – Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov & Kateryna Yushchenko & MESM 1955 FLOW-MATIC Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC A-0 1955 BACAIC M. Grems and R. Porter 1955 PACT I SHARE FORTRAN, A-2 1955 Freiburger Code[3][4] University of Freiburg — 1955–56 Sequentielle Formelübersetzung Fritz Bauer and Karl Samelson Boehm 1955–56 IT Team led by Alan Perlis Laning and Zierler 1955 PRINT IBM 1958 IPL II (implementation) Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon IPL I 1956–58 LISP (concept) John McCarthy IPL 1957 COMTRAN Bob Bemer FLOW-MATIC 1957 GEORGE Charles Leonard Hamblin none (unique language) 1957 FORTRAN I (implementation) John W. Backus at IBM FORTRAN 1957–58 UNICODE Remington Rand UNIVAC MATH-MATIC 1957 COMIT (concept) Victor Yngve none (unique language) 1958 FORTRAN II Team led by John W. Backus at IBM FORTRAN I 1958 ALGOL 58 (IAL) ACM/GAMM FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung 1958 IPL V Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon IPL II 1959 APT Douglas T. Ross 1959 FACT Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick none (unique language) 1959 COBOL (concept) The CODASYL Committee FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT 1959 JOVIAL Jules Schwartz at SDC ALGOL 58 1959 LISP (implementation) Steve Russell IPL 1959 MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder Bruce Arden, Bernard Galler, and Robert M. Graham ALGOL 58 1959 TRAC (concept) Calvin Mooers Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1960s Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1960 ALGOL 60 ALGOL 58 1960 COBOL 61 (implementation) The CODASYL Committee FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN 1960 SAKO Leon Łukaszewicz, et al., Polish Academy of Sciences[5] none (unique language) 1961 COMIT (implementation) Victor Yngve none (unique language) 1961 GPSS Geoffrey Gordon, IBM none (unique language) 1962 FORTRAN IV IBM FORTRAN II 1962 APL (concept) Kenneth E. Iverson none (unique language) 1962 Simula (concept) Ole-Johan Dahl (mostly) ALGOL 60 1962 SNOBOL Ralph Griswold, et al. FORTRAN II, COMIT 1963 Combined Programming Language (CPL) (concept) Barron, Christopher Strachey, et al. ALGOL 60 1963 SNOBOL3 Griswold, et al. SNOBOL 1963 ALGOL 68 (concept) Adriaan van Wijngaarden, et al. ALGOL 60 1963 JOSS I Cliff Shaw, RAND ALGOL 58 1964 MIMIC H. E. Petersen, et al. MIDAS 1964 COWSEL Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone CPL, LISP 1964 PL/I (concept) IBM ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN 1964 Basic Assembly Language IBM Assembly language 1964 BASIC John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College FORTRAN II, JOSS 1964 IBM RPG IBM FARGO 1964 Mark-IV Informatics 1964 Speakeasy-2 Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory Speakeasy 1964 TRAC (implementation) Calvin Mooers 1964 P′′ Corrado Böhm none (unique language) 1964? IITRAN 1965 RPG II IBM FARGO, RPG 1965 MAD/I (concept) University of Michigan MAD, ALGOL 60, PL/I 1965 TELCOMP BBN JOSS 1965 Atlas Autocode Tony Brooker, Derrick Morris at Manchester University ALGOL 60, Autocode 1965 PL360 (concept) Niklaus Wirth ALGOL 60, ESPOL 1966 JOSS II Chuck Baker, RAND JOSS I 1966 ALGOL W Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare ALGOL 60 1966 FORTRAN 66 John Backus and his team FORTRAN IV 1966 ISWIM (concept) Peter J. Landin LISP 1966 CORAL 66 I. F. Currie, M. Griffiths ALGOL 60 1966 APL (implementation)[6] Kenneth E. Iverson none (unique language) 1967 BCPL Martin Richards CPL 1967 MUMPS Massachusetts General Hospital FORTRAN, TELCOMP 1967 Simula 67 (implementation) Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjørn Myhrhaug, Kristen Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral ALGOL 60 1967 Interlisp D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy Lisp 1967 EXAPT Herwart Opitz, Wilhelm Simon, Günter Spur, and Gottfried Stute at RWTH Aachen University and TU Berlin APT 1967 SNOBOL4 Ralph Griswold, et al. SNOBOL3 1967 XPL William M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California, Santa Cruz J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University PL/I 1968 ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard) Adriaan van Wijngaarden, Barry J. Mailloux, John E. L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster, et al. ALGOL 60 1968 POP-1 Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone COWSEL 1968 DIBOL-8 DEC DIBOL 1968 Forth (concept) Moore 1968 Logo Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, Cynthia Solomon LISP 1968 MAPPER Unisys CRT RPS 1968 REFAL (implementation) Valentin Turchin none (unique language) 1968 TTM (implementation) Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon, California Institute of Technology GAP, GPM 1968 PILOT John Amsden Starkweather, University of California, San Francisco Computest 1968 PL360 (implementation) Niklaus Wirth ALGOL 60, ESPOL 1968 PL/S (as Basic Systems Language) IBM Assembly language 1969 PL/I (implementation) IBM ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN 1969 B Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie Fortran[7] 1969 Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University 1969 SETL Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences ALGOL 60 1969 TUTOR Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1969 Edinburgh IMP Edinburgh University ALGOL 60, Autocode, Atlas Autocode Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1970s Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1970 Forth (implementation) Charles H. Moore 1970 POP-2 Robin Popplestone POP-1 1970 SAIL Dan Swinehart, Bob Sproull ALGOL 60 1970 Pascal Niklaus Wirth, Kathleen Jensen ALGOL 60, ALGOL W 1970 BLISS Wulf, Russell, Habermann at Carnegie Mellon University ALGOL 1971 KRL Daniel G. Bobrow at Xerox PARC, Terry Winograd at Stanford University KM, FRL (MIT) 1971 Compiler Description Language (CDL) Cornelis H.A. Koster at University of Nijmegen 1972 Smalltalk-72 Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, Dan Ingalls, Xerox PARC Simula 67 1972 PL/M Gary Kildall at Digital Research PL/I, ALGOL, XPL 1972 C Dennis Ritchie B, BCPL, ALGOL 68 1972 INTERCAL Don Woods, James M. Lyon none (unique language) 1972 Prolog Alain Colmerauer 2-level W-Grammar 1972 Structured Query language (SQL) IBM ALPHA, Quel (Ingres) 1972 SASL David Turner at University of St Andrews ISWIM 1973 COMAL Børge Christensen, Benedict Løfstedt Pascal, BASIC 1973 ML Robin Milner 1973 LIS Jean Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull Pascal, Sue 1973 Speakeasy-3 Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory Speakeasy-2 1974 CLU Barbara Liskov ALGOL 60, Lisp, Simula 1974 GRASS Thomas A. DeFanti BASIC 1974 BASIC FOUR MAI BASIC Four Inc. Business BASIC 1974 PROSE modeling language CDC 6600 Cybernet Services SLANG, FORTRAN 1974 sed Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs ed 1975 ABC Leo Geurts and Lambert Meertens SETL 1975 PROSE modeling language Time-Sharing Version CDC 6400 Cybernet KRONOS Services SLANG, FORTRAN 1975 Scheme Gerald Jay Sussman, Guy L. Steele Jr. LISP 1975 Altair BASIC Bill Gates, Paul Allen BASIC 1975 Modula Niklaus Wirth Pascal 1976 Smalltalk-76 Xerox PARC Smalltalk-72 1976 Mesa Xerox PARC ALGOL 1976 Ratfor Brian Kernighan C, FORTRAN 1976 S John Chambers at Bell Labs APL, PPL, Scheme 1976 SAS SAS Institute 1976 Integer BASIC Steve Wozniak BASIC 1977 FP John Backus none (unique language) 1977 Bourne Shell (sh) Stephen R. Bourne none (unique language) 1977 Commodore BASIC Jack Tramiel BASIC 1977 IDL David Stern of Research Systems Inc Fortran 1977 Standard MUMPS MUMPS 1977 Icon (concept) Ralph Griswold SNOBOL 1977 Euclid Butler Lampson at Xerox PARC, Ric Holt and James Cordy at University of Toronto 1977 Applesoft BASIC Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland BASIC 1978 RAPT Pat Ambler and Robin Popplestone APT 1978 C shell Bill Joy C 1978 RPG III IBM FARGO, RPG, RPG II 1978 HAL/S designed by Intermetrics for NASA XPL 1978 Applesoft II BASIC Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland Applesoft BASIC 1978? MATLAB Cleve Moler at the University of New Mexico Fortran 1978? SMALL Nevil Brownlee at the University of Auckland Algol60 1978 VisiCalc Dan Bricklin, Bob Frankston marketed by VisiCorp none (unique language) 1979 TI BASIC (TI 99/4A) Texas Instruments BASIC 1979 Modula-2 Niklaus Wirth Modula, Mesa 1979 REXX Mike Cowlishaw at IBM PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2 1979 AWK Alfred Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, Brian Kernighan C, SNOBOL 1979 Icon (implementation) Ralph Griswold SNOBOL 1979 Vulcan dBase-II Wayne Ratliff RETRIEVE Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1980s Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1980 Ada 80 (MIL-STD-1815) Jean Ichbiah at CII Honeywell Bull ALGOL 68, Green 1980 C with classes Bjarne Stroustrup[8] C, Simula 67 1980 Applesoft III Apple Computer Applesoft II BASIC 1980 Apple III Microsoft BASIC Microsoft Microsoft BASIC 1980–81 CBASIC Gordon Eubanks BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research 1980 Smalltalk-80 Adele Goldberg at Xerox PARC Smalltalk-76 1981 TI Extended BASIC Texas Instruments TI BASIC (TI 99/4A) 1981 BBC BASIC Acorn Computers, Sophie Wilson BASIC 1981 IBM BASICA Microsoft BASIC 1982? Speakeasy-IV Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing Corporation Speakeasy-3 1982? Draco Chris Gray Pascal, C, ALGOL 68 1982 PostScript Warnock InterPress 1982 Turing Ric Holt and James Cordy, at University of Toronto Euclid 1983 GW-BASIC Microsoft IBM BASICA 1983 Turbo Pascal Hejlsberg at Borland Pascal 1983 Ada 83 (ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A) Jean Ichbiah at Alsys Ada 80, Green 1983 Objective-C Brad Cox Smalltalk, C 1983 C++[9] Bjarne Stroustrup C with Classes 1983 True BASIC John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College BASIC 1983 occam David May EPL 1983? ABAP SAP AG COBOL 1983 KornShell (ksh) David Korn sh 1983 Clascal Apple Computer Pascal 1984 CLIPPER Nantucket dBase 1984 Common Lisp Guy L. Steele, Jr. and many others LISP 1984 Coq INRIA 1984 RPL Hewlett-Packard Forth, Lisp 1984 Standard ML ML 1984 Redcode Alexander Dewdney and D.G. Jones 1984 OPL Psion BASIC 1985 PARADOX Borland dBase 1985 QuickBASIC Microsoft BASIC 1986 Clarion Bruce Barrington 1986 CorVision Cortex INFORM 1986 Eiffel Bertrand Meyer Simula 67, Ada 1986 GFA BASIC Frank Ostrowski BASIC 1986 Informix-4GL Informix 1986 LabVIEW National Instruments 1986 Miranda David Turner at University of Kent SASL 1986 Object Pascal Apple Computer Pascal 1986 PROMAL C 1986 Erlang Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson PLEX, Prolog 1987 Ada ISO 8652:1987 ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A unchanged Ada 83 1987 Self (concept) Sun Microsystems Inc. Smalltalk 1987 occam 2 David May and INMOS occam 1987 HyperTalk Apple Computer none (unique language) 1987 Clean Software Technology Research Group of Radboud University Nijmegen none (unique language) 1987 Perl Larry Wall C, sed, awk, sh 1987 Oberon Niklaus Wirth Modula-2 1987 Turbo Basic Robert 'Bob' Zale BASIC/Z 1988 Mathematica (Wolfram Language) Wolfram Research none (unique language) 1988 Octave MATLAB 1988 Tcl John Ousterhout Awk, Lisp 1988 STOS BASIC François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos BASIC 1988 Actor Charles Duff, the Whitewater Group Forth, Smalltalk 1988 Object REXX Simon C. Nash REXX, Smalltalk 1988 SPARK Bernard A. Carré Ada 1988 A+ Arthur Whitney APL, A 1988 Hamilton C shell Nicole Hamilton C shell 1988–1989 C90 C90 ISO/IEC 9899:1990 C 1989 Turbo Pascal OOP Anders Hejlsberg at Borland Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal 1989 Modula-3 Cardeli, et al. DEC and Olivetti Modula-2 1989 PowerBASIC Robert 'Bob' Zale Turbo Basic 1989 VisSim Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions 1989 LPC Lars Pensjö 1989 Bash Brian Fox Bourne shell, C shell, KornShell 1989 Magik Arthur Chance, of Smallworld Systems Ltd Smalltalk Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1990s Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 1990 Sather Steve Omohundro Eiffel 1990 AMOS BASIC François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos STOS BASIC 1990 AMPL Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories 1990 Object Oberon H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer Oberon 1990 J Kenneth E. Iverson, Roger Hui at Iverson Software APL, FP 1990 Haskell Miranda, Clean 1990 EuLisp Common Lisp, Scheme 1990 Z shell (zsh) Paul Falstad at Princeton University ksh 1990 SKILL T. J. Barnes at Cadence Design Systems Franz Lisp 1991 GNU E David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey C++ 1991 Oberon-2 Hanspeter Mössenböck, Niklaus Wirth Object Oberon 1991 Oz Gert Smolka and his students Prolog 1991 Q Albert Gräf 1991 Python Guido van Rossum Perl, ABC, C 1991 Visual Basic Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft QuickBASIC 1992 Borland Pascal Turbo Pascal OOP 1992 Dylan Many people at Apple Computer Common Lisp, Scheme 1992 S-Lang John E. Davis PostScript 1993? Self (implementation) Sun Microsystems Smalltalk 1993 Amiga E Wouter van Oortmerssen DEX, C, Modula-2 1993 Brainfuck Urban Müller P'′ 1993 LiveCode Transcript HyperTalk 1993 AppleScript Apple Computer HyperTalk 1993 K Arthur Whitney APL, Lisp 1993 Lua Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, C++ 1993 R Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka S 1993 ZPL Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington C 1993 NewtonScript Walter Smith Self, Dylan 1993 Euphoria Robert Craig SNOBOL, AWK, ABC, Icon, Python 1994 Claire Yves Caseau Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML, C, LORE, LAURE 1994 ANSI Common Lisp Common Lisp 1994 RAPID ABB ARLA 1994 Pike Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University LPC, C, μLPC 1994 ANS Forth Elizabeth Rather, et al. Forth 1995 Ada 95 S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics Ada 83 1995 Borland Delphi Anders Hejlsberg at Borland Borland Pascal 1995 ColdFusion (CFML) Allaire 1995 Java James Gosling at Sun Microsystems C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa 1995 LiveScript Brendan Eich at Netscape Self, C, Scheme 1995 Mercury Zoltan Somogyi at University of Melbourne Prolog, Hope, Haskell 1995 PHP Rasmus Lerdorf Perl 1995 Ruby Yukihiro Matsumoto Smalltalk, Perl 1995 JavaScript Brendan Eich at Netscape LiveScript 1995 Racket Matthew Flatt at Rice University Scheme, Lisp 1996 CSS Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos SGML 1996 Curl David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML 1996 Lasso Blue World Communications 1996 NetRexx Mike Cowlishaw REXX 1996 OCaml INRIA Caml Light, Standard ML 1996 Perl Data Language (PDL) Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller APL, Perl 1996 Pure Data Miller Puckette Max 1996 VBScript Microsoft Visual Basic 1997 Component Pascal Oberon Microsystems Oberon-2 1997 E Mark S. Miller Joule, Original-E 1997 Pico Free University of Brussels Scheme 1997 Squeak Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer Smalltalk-80, Self 1997 ECMAScript ECMA TC39-TG1 JavaScript 1997 F-Script Philippe Mougin Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C 1997 ISLISP ISO Standard ISLISP Common Lisp 1997 Tea Jorge Nunes Java, Scheme, Tcl 1997 REBOL Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo 1998 Logtalk Paulo Moura (then at University of Coimbra) Prolog 1998 ActionScript Gary Grossman ECMAScript 1998 Standard C++ ANSI/ISO Standard C++ C++, Standard C, C 1998 PureBasic Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software 1998 UnrealScript Tim Sweeney at Epic Games C++, Java 1998 XSLT (+ XPath) W3C, James Clark DSSSL 1998 Xojo (REALbasic at the time) Xojo, Andrew Barry Visual Basic 1999 C99 C99 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 C90 1999 Gambas Benoît Minisini Visual Basic, Java 1999 Game Maker Language (GML) Mark Overmars Game Maker 1999 Harbour Antonio Linares dBase, Clipper Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 2000s Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 2000 Join Java G Stewart von Itzstein Java 2000 DarkBASIC The Game Creators 2000 C# Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA) C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2 2001 Joy Manfred von Thun FP, Forth 2001 AspectJ Gregor Kiczales, Xerox PARC Java, Common Lisp 2001 D Walter Bright, Digital Mars C, C++, C#, Java 2001 Processing Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry Java, C, C++[10] 2001 Visual Basic .NET Microsoft Visual Basic 2001 GDScript (GDS) Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur (OKAM Studio) Godot 2001 Shakespeare Programming Language Jon Åslund, Karl Hasselström 2002 Io Steve Dekorte Self, NewtonScript, Lua 2002 Gosu Guidewire Software GScript 2002 Scratch Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman Logo, Smalltalk, Squeak, E-Toys, HyperCard, AgentSheets, StarLogo, Tweak 2003 Nix Eelco Dolstra Miranda/SASL, Haskell 2003 Nemerle University of Wrocław C#, ML, MetaHaskell 2003 Factor Slava Pestov Joy, Forth, Lisp 2003 Scala Martin Odersky Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml 2003 C++03 C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2003 C++, Standard C, C 2003 Squirrel Alberto Demichelis Lua 2003 Boo Rodrigo B. de Oliveira Python, C# 2004 Subtext Jonathan Edwards none (unique language) 2004 Alma-0 Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica none (unique language) 2004 FreeBASIC Andre Victor QBasic 2004 Groovy James Strachan Java 2004 Little b Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology Lisp 2005 Fantom Brian Frank, Andy Frank C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang 2005 F# Don Syme, Microsoft Research OCaml, C#, Haskell 2005 Haxe Nicolas Cannasse ActionScript, OCaml, Java 2005 Oxygene RemObjects Software Object Pascal, C# 2005 PWCT Mahmoud Samir Fayed none (unique language) 2005 Seed7 Thomas Mertes none (unique language) 2005 fish Thomas Mertes none (unique language) 2006 Cobra Chuck Esterbrook Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C 2006 Windows PowerShell Microsoft C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL 2006 OptimJ Ateji Java 2006 Fortress Guy L. Steele Jr. Scala, ML, Haskell 2006 Vala GNOME C# 2007 Ada 2005 Ada Rapporteur Group Ada 95 2007 Agda Ulf Norell Coq, Epigram, Haskell 2007 QB64 Galleon, QB64Team QBasic 2007 Clojure Rich Hickey Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang 2007 LOLCODE Adam Lindsay none (unique language) 2007 Oberon-07 Wirth Oberon 2007 Swift (parallel scripting language) University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory 2008 Nim Andreas Rumpf Python, Lisp, Object Pascal 2008 Genie Jamie McCracken Python, Boo, D, Object Pascal 2008 Pure Albert Gräf Q 2009 Chapel Brad Chamberlain, Cray Inc. HPF, ZPL 2009 Go Google C, Oberon, Limbo, Smalltalk 2009 CoffeeScript Jeremy Ashkenas JavaScript, Ruby, Python, Haskell 2009 Idris Edwin Brady Haskell, Agda, Coq 2009 Parasail S. Tucker Taft, AdaCore Modula, Ada, Pascal, ML 2009 Whiley David J. Pearce Java, C, Python 2009 Dafny K. Rustan M. Leino Java, Spec# Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 2010s Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 2010 Rust Graydon Hoare, Mozilla Alef, C++, Camlp4, Erlang, Hermes, Limbo, Napier, Napier88, Newsqueak, NIL, Sather, Standard ML 2011 C11 C11 ISO/IEC 9899:2011 C99 2011 Ceylon Gavin King, Red Hat Java 2011 Dart Google Java, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, Go 2011 C++11 C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2011 C++, Standard C, C 2011 Kotlin JetBrains Java, Scala, Groovy, C#, Gosu 2011 Red Nenad Rakočević Rebol, Scala, Lua 2011 Opa MLstate OCaml, Erlang, JavaScript 2012 Elixir José Valim Erlang, Ruby, Clojure 2012 Elm Evan Czaplicki Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml, F# 2012 TypeScript Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft JavaScript, CoffeeScript 2012 Julia Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral Shah, Alan Edelman, MIT MATLAB, Lisp, C, Fortran, Mathematica[11] (strictly its Wolfram Language), Python, Perl, R, Ruby, Lua[12] 2012 P Vivek Gupta, Ethan Jackson, Shaz Qadeer, Sriram Rajamani, Microsoft 2012 Ada 2012 ARA and Ada Europe (ISO/IEC 8652:2012) Ada 2005, ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007 2013 P4 P4 Language Consortium (P4.org) 2013 PureScript Phil Freeman Haskell 2013 Hopscotch Hopscotch Technologies Scratch 2013 Cuneiform Jörgen Brandt Swift (the parallel scripting language) 2013 Lean Microsoft Research ML, Coq, Haskell, Agda 2013 Hy Paul Tagliamonte Python, Lisp, Clojure 2014 Crystal Ary Borenszweig, Manas Technology Solutions Ruby, C, Rust, Go, C#, Python 2014 Hack Facebook PHP 2014 Swift Apple Inc. Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU 2014 C++14 C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2014 C++11, Standard C, C 2014 Solidity Gavin Wood, Ethereum JavaScript, C++, Python 2015 Raku Larry Wall, The Rakudo Team Perl, Haskell, Python, Ruby 2015 Zig Andrew Kelley C, C++, LLVM IR, Go, Rust 2016 Reason Jordan Walke JavaScript, OCaml[13] 2016 Ring Mahmoud Samir Fayed Lua, Python, Ruby, C, C#, BASIC, QML, xBase, Supernova[14] 2017 C++17 C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2017 C++14, Standard C, C 2017 AssemblyScript The AssemblyScript Project[15] JavaScript, TypeScript, WebAssembly 2017 Ballerina WSO2, open source[16] Java, JavaScript, Go, Rust, C# 2017 Q# Microsoft C#, F#, Python 2018 C17 ISO/IEC 9899:2018 C11 2018 Fortran 2018 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2150:2018 Fortran 2008 2019 Bosque Mark Marron, Microsoft JavaScript, TypeScript, ML 2019 V (Vlang) Alexander Medvednikov C, Go, Kotlin, Oberon, Python, Rust, Swift Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 2020s Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) 2020 C++20 C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2020 C++17, Standard C, C 2021 Microsoft Power Fx Vijay Mital, Robin Abraham, Shon Katzenberger, Darryl Rubin, Microsoft Excel formulas 2022 Carbon Google C++, Rust 2023 Mojo Modular Python, Rust, Cython, C++, CUDA 2023 Ada 2023 ISO/IEC 8652:2023 Ada 2012 / ISO/IEC 8652:2012 2023 Fortran 2023 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 2023 Fortran 2018 2024 Gleam Louis Pilfold, Fly.io Erlang, Elixir, Elm, Rust, Go, OCaml 2024 C++23 C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2024 C++20, Standard C, C 2024 C23 ISO/IEC 9899:2024 C17 Year Name Chief developer, company Predecessor(s) See also History of computing hardware History of programming languages Programming language Timeline of computing Timeline of programming language theory References ^ "ARC - Assembler for Booth". hopl.info. Retrieved 11 October 2022. ^ UNIVAC conference, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 171-page transcript of oral history with computer pioneers, including Albert B. Tonik, involved with the Univac computer, held on 17–18 May 1990. ^ "Der Freiburger Code auf der Zuse" (in German). Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ H. Zuse. "Z22". Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ Łukaszewicz, Leon (1 January 1961). "SAKO—An automatic coding system". Annual Review in Automatic Programming. 2: 161–176. doi:10.1016/S0066-4138(61)80008-6. ISSN 0066-4138. ^ Smillie, Keith. "Kenneth E. Iverson – A.M. Turing Award Winner". ACM. ^ "Ken Thompson interviewed by Brian Kernighan at VCF East 2019". YouTube. 6 May 2019. ^ "Tour : Standard C++". isocpp.org. ^ Stroustrup, Bjarne (7 March 2010). "Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ: When was C++ invented?". stroustrup.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "Arduino Reference". www.arduino.cc. ^ "Why We Created Julia". Julia website. February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ "Introduction". The Julia Manual. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. ^ Simple, fast & type safe code that leverages the JavaScript & OCaml ecosystems: facebook/reason, Facebook, 24 March 2019, retrieved 24 March 2019 ^ Ring Team (23 October 2021). "The Ring programming language and other languages". ring-lang.net. ^ The AssemblyScript Project (24 April 2020). "AssemblyScript Working Group". GitHub.com. AssemblyScript Project. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Daniel Wirtz (@dcodeIO) - Author of AssemblyScript ^ "The Ballerina Programming Language". GitHub. 25 November 2019. External links Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages Diagram & history of programming languages Eric Levenez's timeline diagram of computer languages history

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