牛猎龙属

牛猎龙属; 化石时期：晚白垩世森诺曼期; ~95–93.9 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	牛猎龙头部复原图
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目：	獸腳亞目 Theropoda
科：	†鲨齿龙科 Carcharodontosauridae
亚科：	†鲨齿龙亚科 Carcharodontosaurinae
族：	†南方巨兽龙族 Giganotosaurini
属：	†牛猎龙属 Taurovenator; Motta et al., 2016
模式種
	†维氏牛猎龙; Taurovenator violantei; Motta et al., 2016

牛猎龙属（学名：Taurovenator，意为“公牛猎人”）是种大型鲨齿龙科兽脚类恐龙，生存于晚白垩世森诺曼期，化石发现于阿根廷乌因库尔组（英语：Huincul Formation）。牛猎龙是单型属，属下仅含一个物种，称作维氏牛猎龙（T. violantei）。^[1]

发现与命名

牛猎龙正模标本（MPCA-Pv 802）是一块右眶后骨，由马蒂亚斯·莫塔（Matias J. Motta）于2005年在阿根廷内格罗河省埃泽奎尔·拉莫斯-米拉西亚湖（Ezequiel Ramos-Mexía Lake）东南维奥兰特农场（Violante Farm）的乌因库尔组（英语：Huincul Formation）下段^[2]发现。附近还发现过大盗龙类的南盗龙、几种阿贝力龙超科及一种疑似半鸟亚科的近鸟类。^[1]

2024年描述了一件牛猎龙新标本（MPCA-Pv 803），其中保存有部分颅骨、部分颈椎序列、几根肋骨、两条前肢的一部分、一个股骨、部分脚部及一节尾椎。^[2]此标本原于2016年和正模标本一起描述，但当时身份不明。^[1]其与正模标本虽不存在重叠部分，但二者发现于同一地点（前者发现于距正模标本出土地点800米处）且均具备南方巨兽龙族特征，故将其归入牛猎龙属。^[2]

属名Taurovenator取自拉丁语taurus（公牛）及venator（猎人）。种名violantei致敬发现该动物的农场的主人恩佐·维奥兰特（Enzo Violante）。^[1]

描述

牛猎龙是种非常巨大的鲨齿龙科。根据利用股骨周长推测体長及体重的公式，估计其体長為11.75米，体重为5,728公斤（12,628磅），轻于南方巨兽龙（6,349千克）但重于米拉西斯龙和马普龙（分别重4263千克及4,343千克）。^[2]^[3]颅骨虽不完整，但仍估计其长135厘米（53英寸）。^[2]

正模标本可见眶后骨部分区域异常多皱，且像角一样突出，与其它鲨齿龙科眼眶上的突起均明显不同。莫塔等人（2016年）与罗兰多等人（2024年）均视之为一项独特特征，^[1]^[2]但其姊妹分类单元米拉西斯龙亦有被描述为尖角般横向突出的眶后骨。^[4]

牛猎龙的特殊之处，在于颈椎神经棘突出且背侧顶端呈凸缘形，使第三至六节颈椎呈现覆瓦状，即彼此紧密连接。描述这一不寻常结构的作者称之为“颈椎复合体”（"cervical complex"），并将其比作屋顶重叠的瓦片。原始鲨齿龙科高棘龙的第三至五节颈椎亦有类似特征，但不够明显。^[2]^[5]南方巨兽龙和马普龙的已知数据进一步表明，“颈椎复合体”是该类群一项独特的共有衍征。颈椎复合体的存在可能限制了颈椎的活动泛围。另一方面，牛猎龙及其它鲨齿龙科均有球形枕髁（英语：Occipital condyles），与在角龙类颅骨上看到的结构类似，推测可使颅骨绕首节颈椎大范围转动。此外，牛猎龙的颈椎复合体可能与角龙类的并颈椎（syncervical vertebrae，即融合的第一至三节颈椎）作用类似，即加强颈部前段并增加轴后颈肌-颅肌的表面积。^[2]

仅发现两件胸椎化石。其中一件由椎体组成，另一件则由一个非常高大（高52厘米）的脉弓组成。^[2]

从比例上讲，牛猎龙的手臂是所有已知异特龙超科中最小的。其保存近乎完整的手臂，缩小程度甚至比其它鲨齿龙科还要大，比例上也小于米拉西斯龙等分类单元，尤其是前臂部分。尽管尺寸缩减，但前臂相当粗壮，手指灵活度也很高。然而和其它南方巨兽龙族一样，其前肢很可能无法做出大范围活动。^[2]

牛猎龙与米拉西斯龙第二趾均有大型趾爪（英语：Ungual），该趾较第三趾对应趾骨长出约20%且更加横向扁平。^[2]

分类

莫塔等人（2016年）提出牛猎龙占据鲨齿龙科内某处衍生位置，并重点将其与南方巨兽龙、鲨齿龙和马普龙比较。^[1]科里亚等人（2019年）提出牛猎龙是马普龙的异名，将其之前所有自衍征皆视为与马普龙的共有特征，并指出二者眼睑骨（英语：Palpebral (bone)）皆有横向弯曲边缘。^[6]此外作者还认为两者共存的概率很大。^[6]然而，事实上牛猎龙来自乌因库尔组下段，而马普龙来自该地层上段。^[2]罗兰多等人（2024年）再次确认牛猎龙的有效性，认为其正模标本所保存的自衍征，在牛猎龙身上的发育程度远强于其它鲨齿龙科，并认为所谓具有鉴定性的眼睑骨弯曲边缘，实际上是种在鲨齿龙科内更为广泛存在的特征。^[2]

为使用新标本所补充的信息测试牛猎龙的系统发育地位，本研究使用了描述米拉西斯龙所用的系统发育数据集以及一些额外数据。分析结果如以下分支图所示：^[2]^[4]

鲨齿龙科 Carcharodontosauridae

新猎龙 Neovenator

始鲨齿龙 Eocarcharia

拉哈斯猎龙 Lajasvenator

高棘龙 Acrocanthosaurus

鲨齿龙亚科 Carcharodontosaurinae

葡萄牙猎龙 Lusovenator

假鲨齿龙 Shaochilong

撒哈拉鲨齿龙 Carcharodontosaurus saharicus

伊吉迪鲨齿龙 Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis

南方巨兽龙族 Giganotosaurini

魁纣龙 Tyrannotitan

南方巨兽龙 Giganotosaurus

马普龙 Mapusaurus

	米拉西斯龙 Meraxes

	牛猎龙 Taurovenator

古环境

牛猎龙化石发现于乌因库尔组（英语：Huincul Formation），该地层以其庞大的恐龙动物群而闻名。地层中还发现另外两种大型鲨齿龙科——马普龙和米拉西斯龙，但二者出自不同层位，故不太可能共存。^[2]其它兽脚类包括近鸟类的斑盗龙、轻龙亚科的乌因库尔龙、阿贝力龙类的蝎猎龙、雷霆龙和肌肉龙以及大盗龙类的南盗龙。^[7]^[8]该区域的植食动物中蜥脚类占主导地位，以雷巴齐斯龙科的鹫龙和利迈河龙及泰坦巨龙类的阿根廷龙、乔冈龙和坚毅龙为代表。^[9]^[10]^[11]鸟臀类化石稀少，但仍发现了分类不明的禽龙类及薄板类的原驼龙。^[12]

参见

2016年古生物学研究（英语：2016 in paleontology）

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Motta, Matías J.; Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis M.; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolín, Federico E.; Chimento, Nicolás R.; Egli, Federico Brissón; Novas, Fernando E. New theropod fauna from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. June 2016, 71: 231–253 –通过ResearchGate.
^ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 Rolando, Alexis M. Aranciaga; Motta, Matías J.; Agnolín, Federico L.; Tsuihiji, Takanobu; Miner, Santiago; Brissón-Egli, Federico; Novas, Fernando E. A new carcharodontosaurid specimen sheds light on the anatomy of South American giant predatory dinosaurs. The Science of Nature. 2024-10-09, 111 (6): 56. ISSN 1432-1904. doi:10.1007/s00114-024-01942-4 （英语）.
^ Campione, Nicolás E.; Evans, David C.; Brown, Caleb M.; Carrano, Matthew T. Revell, Liam , 编. Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2014-07-04, 5 (9): 913–923. Bibcode:2014MEcEv...5..913C. ISSN 2041-210X. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12226 （英语）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Canale, Juan I.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Gallina, Pablo A.; Mitchell, Jonathan; Smith, Nathan D.; Cullen, Thomas M.; Shinya, Akiko; Haluza, Alejandro; Gianechini, Federico A.; Makovicky, Peter J. New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction. Current Biology. July 2022, 32 (14): 3195–3202.e5. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3195C. PMID 35803271. S2CID 250343124. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057 .
^ Harrid, Jerald David. A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas.. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. 1998January 1, 1998.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Coria, Rodolfo A.; Currie, Philip J.; Ortega, Francisco; Baiano, Mattia A. An Early Cretaceous, medium-sized carcharodontosaurid theropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Mulichinco Formation (upper Valanginian), Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2019, 111: 104319. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104319.
^ Matías J. Motta; Federico L. Agnolín; Federico Brissón Egli; Fernando E. Novas. New theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia sheds light on the paravian radiation in Gondwana. The Science of Nature. 2020, 107 (3): Article number 24. Bibcode:2020SciNa.107...24M. PMID 32468191. S2CID 218913199. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01682-1. hdl:11336/135530 .
^ Cerroni, M.A.; Motta, M.J.; Agnolín, F.L.; Aranciaga Rolando, A.M.; Brissón Egli, F.; Novas, F.E. A new abelisaurid from the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian-Turonian; Upper Cretaceous) of Río Negro province, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2020, 98: 102445. Bibcode:2020JSAES..9802445C. S2CID 213781725. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102445.
^ Calvo, Jorge O.; Salgado, Leonardo. Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov. a new Sauropoda from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae (PDF). Gaia. 1995, 11: 13–33. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于23 September 2021）.
^ Baiano, Mattia A.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Cau, Andrea. A new abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Huincul Formation (lower Upper Cretaceous, Neuquén Basin) of Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. June 2020, 110: 104408. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11004408B. S2CID 214118853. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104408.
^ Agnolin, Federico L.; Gonzalez Riga, Bernardo J.; Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis M.; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Motta, Matías J.; Chimento, Nicolás R.; Novas, Fernando E. A new giant titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2 February 2023, 146: 105487. Bibcode:2023CrRes.14605487A. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105487 （英语）.
^ Alvarez-Nogueira, Rodrigo; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolín, Federico L.; Garcia Marsà, Jordi A.; Motta, Matias J.; Novas, Fernando E. A new ornithopod from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Implications on elasmarian postcranial anatomy. Cretaceous Research. 2024-03-11, 159 (In press): 105874. Bibcode:2024CrRes.15905874N. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105874.

[mottaetal2016-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Motta, Matías J.; Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis M.; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolín, Federico E.; Chimento, Nicolás R.; Egli, Federico Brissón; Novas, Fernando E. New theropod fauna from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. June 2016, 71: 231–253 –通过ResearchGate.

[:0-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 Rolando, Alexis M. Aranciaga; Motta, Matías J.; Agnolín, Federico L.; Tsuihiji, Takanobu; Miner, Santiago; Brissón-Egli, Federico; Novas, Fernando E. A new carcharodontosaurid specimen sheds light on the anatomy of South American giant predatory dinosaurs. The Science of Nature. 2024-10-09, 111 (6): 56. ISSN 1432-1904. doi:10.1007/s00114-024-01942-4 （英语）.

[3] Campione, Nicolás E.; Evans, David C.; Brown, Caleb M.; Carrano, Matthew T. Revell, Liam , 编. Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2014-07-04, 5 (9): 913–923. Bibcode:2014MEcEv...5..913C. ISSN 2041-210X. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12226 （英语）.

[Meraxes12-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Canale, Juan I.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Gallina, Pablo A.; Mitchell, Jonathan; Smith, Nathan D.; Cullen, Thomas M.; Shinya, Akiko; Haluza, Alejandro; Gianechini, Federico A.; Makovicky, Peter J. New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction. Current Biology. July 2022, 32 (14): 3195–3202.e5. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3195C. PMID 35803271. S2CID 250343124. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057 .

[5] Harrid, Jerald David. A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas.. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. 1998January 1, 1998.

[Coria2019-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Coria, Rodolfo A.; Currie, Philip J.; Ortega, Francisco; Baiano, Mattia A. An Early Cretaceous, medium-sized carcharodontosaurid theropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Mulichinco Formation (upper Valanginian), Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2019, 111: 104319. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104319.

[Overoraptor-7] Matías J. Motta; Federico L. Agnolín; Federico Brissón Egli; Fernando E. Novas. New theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia sheds light on the paravian radiation in Gondwana. The Science of Nature. 2020, 107 (3): Article number 24. Bibcode:2020SciNa.107...24M. PMID 32468191. S2CID 218913199. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01682-1. hdl:11336/135530 .

[cerroni2020-8] Cerroni, M.A.; Motta, M.J.; Agnolín, F.L.; Aranciaga Rolando, A.M.; Brissón Egli, F.; Novas, F.E. A new abelisaurid from the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian-Turonian; Upper Cretaceous) of Río Negro province, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2020, 98: 102445. Bibcode:2020JSAES..9802445C. S2CID 213781725. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102445.

[clavo&salgado1995-9] Calvo, Jorge O.; Salgado, Leonardo. Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov. a new Sauropoda from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae (PDF). Gaia. 1995, 11: 13–33. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于23 September 2021）.

[coria2020-10] Baiano, Mattia A.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Cau, Andrea. A new abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Huincul Formation (lower Upper Cretaceous, Neuquén Basin) of Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. June 2020, 110: 104408. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11004408B. S2CID 214118853. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104408.

[Chucarosaurus-11] Agnolin, Federico L.; Gonzalez Riga, Bernardo J.; Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis M.; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Motta, Matías J.; Chimento, Nicolás R.; Novas, Fernando E. A new giant titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research. 2 February 2023, 146: 105487. Bibcode:2023CrRes.14605487A. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105487 （英语）.

[Chakisaurus-12] Alvarez-Nogueira, Rodrigo; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolín, Federico L.; Garcia Marsà, Jordi A.; Motta, Matias J.; Novas, Fernando E. A new ornithopod from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Implications on elasmarian postcranial anatomy. Cretaceous Research. 2024-03-11, 159 (In press): 105874. Bibcode:2024CrRes.15905874N. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105874.

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牛猎龙属

发现与命名

描述

分类

古环境

参见

参考资料

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