^Annetine Gelijns. Innovation in Clinical Practice: The Dynamics of Medical Technology Development. National Academies. 1991: 172–. NAP:13513. Development of the minipill, which contains only a progestin, was another result of concerns over the thromboembolic side effects of combination oral contraceptives.36 This development was also driven by the expectation that lower steroid doses would diminish effects on the metabolic and reproductive systems, lessen complaints about nausea and headache, and improve compliance (because it offered a regimen of continuous pill taking rather than the cyclic regimen of earlier pill formulations).37 Syntex was the first to introduce a 0.5 milligram chlor- madinone acetate minipill in 1968 in France, although this pill was withdrawn from the market in 1970 when long-term animal toxicity tests for the FDA revealed the occurrence of breast nodules in beagles.38 Nevertheless, other manufacturers began to pursue minipill development using their own progestogens, and since 1970 a variety of compounds have been introduced.
^Bennett, John P. The Second Generation of Hormonal Contraceptives. Chemical Contraception. 1974: 39–62. ISBN 978-1-349-02289-2. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02287-8_4. Chlormadinone acetate was the first minipill contraceptive to be marketed, in Mexico during July 1968. This compound was removed from clinical use in February 1970 because it produced nodules in the breast tissues of beagle dogs [...]
^M.R. Henzl. Natural and Synthetic Female Sex Hormones. S.S.C. Yen; R.B. Jaffe (编). Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. W.B. Saunders Co. 1978: 421–468. ISBN 978-0-7216-9625-6.
^Annetine Gelijns. Innovation in Clinical Practice: The Dynamics of Medical Technology Development. National Academies. 1991: 172– [2023-07-11]. NAP:13513. （原始内容存档于2023-07-15）. Syntex was the first to introduce a 0.5 milligram chlormadinone acetate minipill in 1968 in France, although this pill was withdrawn from the market in 1970 when long-term animal toxicity tests for the FDA revealed the occurrence of breast nodules in beagles. Nevertheless, other manufacturers began to pursue minipill development using their own progestogens, and since 1970 a variety of compounds have been introduced.
