维克多·马里·雨果(法語:Victor Marie Hugo,1802年2月26日—1885年5月22日),法国浪漫主義文學的代表人物和19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学运动的领袖,法国文学史上卓越的作家。雨果几乎经历了19世纪法国的所有重大事变。一生创作了众多诗歌、小说、剧本、各种散文和文艺评论及政论文章。代表作有《鐘樓怪人》、《九三年》和《悲惨世界》等。在法国,雨果主要以诗集纪念,如《静观集》和《历代传说》。他创作了4000多幅画,积极参与許多社会运动,如废除死刑。
雨果的宗教观点在他一生中改变巨大。年轻时,受母亲影响,他认同自己是天主教徒,承认教会制度和权威。尔后,他成为冷淡教友,越来越多地发表反天主教和反教权主义观点。在流放时,他常常研习唯灵论(他常参加Delphine de Girardin夫人主持的降神会),[46][47]晚年,他转信伏尔泰的理智主义自然神论。1872年,人口普查问询雨果是否是天主教徒时,他回答:“不是,是自由思想者”。[48]
^Norris McWhirter (1981). Guinness Book of World Records: 1981 Edition. Bantam Books, p. 216.
^Robb, Graham. Victor Hugo: A Biography. W.W. Norton & Company. 1997: 414 [2017-03-30]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-29).
^On the role of E. de Jouy against V.Hugo, see Les aventures militaires, littéraires et autres de Etienne de Jouy de l'Académie française by Michel Faul (Editions Seguier, France, 2009 ISBN 978-2-84049-556-7)
^Œuvres complètes: actes et paroles I : avant l'exil, 1841–1851
^Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870-1885, Gallimard, 1972, p.353, ISBN 2-07-036141-1
^ 43.043.1"Hugo et la musique" in Pleins feux sur Victor Hugo, Arnaud Laster, Comédie-Française (1981)
^Juliette Drouet, Evelyn Blewer (Editor), Victoria Tietze Larson (Translator). My Beloved Toto: Letters from Juliette Drouet to Victor Hugo 1833-1882. State University of New York Press (June 2006) ISBN 0-7914-6572-1
^Henri Troyat, 1997. Juliette Drouet: La prisonnière sur parole. Flammarion. ISBN 2-08-067403-X
^Malgras, J. Les Pionniers du Spiritisme en France: Documents pour la formation d'un livre d'Or des Sciences Psychiques. Paris. 1906.
^Chez Victor Hugo. Les tables tournantes de Jersey. Extracts from meeting minutes published by Gustave Simon in 1923
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Robb, Graham (1997). "A Sabre in the Night" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Website: The New York Times (Books). (Excerpt from Graham, Robb (1997). Victor Hugo: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Retrieved November 2005.
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Uncited author. "Hugo Caricature". Website: Présence de la Littérature a l'école. Retrieved November 2005.
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Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-12245-4
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Davidson, A.F. (1912). Victor Hugo: His Life and Work. University Press of the Pacific: 2003 paperback edition. ISBN 1-4102-0778-1
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Feller, Martin (1988). Der Dichter in der Politik. Victor Hugo und der Deutsch-Französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland. Marburg: Doctoral Dissertation.
Frey, John Andrew (1999). A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29896-3
Grant, Elliot (1946). The Career of Victor Hugo. Harvard University Press. Out of print.
Halsall, A.W. et al. (1998). Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4322-4
Hart, Simon Allen (2004). Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo. Publish American. ISBN 1-4137-1133-2
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