^Label of Ritalin. DailyMed. Novartis. 2017-01-05 [March, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-20）. Methylphenidate hydrochloride USP is a white, odorless, fine crystalline powder. Its solutions are acid to litmus. It is freely soluble in water and in methanol, soluble in alcohol, and slightly soluble in chloroform and in acetone. Its molecular weight is 269.77.请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^www.ehow.com/about_5374709_ritalin-invented.html When Was Ritalin Invented?, citing Lawrence Diller: "Running on Ritalin", 1999
^Functional Roles of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in ADHD: Dopamine in ADHD. Medscape. 2006 [2013-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-08）. Catecholamines not only facilitate attention, they are essential to executive function. The prefrontal cortex directs behaviors, thoughts, and feelings represented in working memory. This representational knowledge is essential to fundamental cognitive abilities that compromise executive functions. These encompass the ability to (1) inhibit inappropriate behaviors and thoughts, (2) regulate our attention, (3) monitor our actions, and (4) plan and organize for the future. Difficulties with these prefrontal cortex functions are evident in neuropsychological and imaging studies of ADHD patients and account for many of the common behavioral symptoms. Measures of prefrontal cortical functioning in animals indicate that these functions are sensitive to small changes in catecholamine modulation of prefrontal cortex cells that can produce profound effects on the ability of the prefrontal cortex to guide behavior. Optimal levels of NE acting at postsynaptic alpha2A-adrenoceptors and dopamine acting at D1 receptors are essential to prefrontal cortex function. Blockade of norepinephrine alpha2-adrenoceptors in prefrontal cortex markedly impairs prefrontal cortex function and mimics most of the symptoms of ADHD, including impulsivity and locomotor hyperactivity. Conversely, stimulation of prefrontal cortical alpha2-adrenoceptors strengthens prefrontal cortex regulation of behavior and reduces distractibility. Thus, effective treatments for ADHD facilitate catecholamine transmission and apparently have their therapeutic actions by optimizing catecholamine actions in the prefrontal cortex
^
Arnsten AF, Li BM. Neurobiology of Executive Functions: Catecholamine Influences on Prefrontal Cortical Functions. Biological Psychiatry. 2005, 57 (11): 1377–84. PMID 15950011. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019.
^
Markowitz JS, DeVane CL, Ramamoorthy S, Zhu HJ. The psychostimulant d-threo-(R,R)-methylphenidate binds as an agonist to the 5HT(1A) receptor.. Pharmazie. Feb 2009, 64: 123–5. PMID 19322953.
^Markowitz, JS; Patrick, KS. Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylphenidate enantiomers: does chirality matter?. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. June 2008, 28 (3 Suppl 2): S54–61. PMID 18480678. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181733560.
^Williard, RL; Middaugh, LD; Zhu, HJ; Patrick, KS. Methylphenidate and its ethanol transesterification metabolite ethylphenidate: brain disposition, monoamine transporters and motor activity.. Behavioural Pharmacology. February 2007, 18 (1): 39–51. PMID 17218796. doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e3280143226.
^ 20.020.1Markowitz, JS; DeVane, CL; Pestreich, LK; Patrick, KS; Muniz, R. A comprehensive in vitro screening of d-, l-, and dl-threo-methylphenidate: an exploratory study.. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. December 2006, 16 (6): 687–98. PMID 17201613. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.687.引用错误：带有name属性“pmid17201613”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ 21.021.1Heal DJ, Pierce DM. Methylphenidate and its isomers: their role in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder using a transdermal delivery system. CNS Drugs. 2006, 20 (9): 713–38. PMID 16953648. doi:10.2165/00023210-200620090-00002.
^Gonzalez de Dios J, Cardó E, Servera M. [Methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: are we achieving an adequate clinical practice?]. Rev Neurol. 2006, 43 (12): 705–14. PMID 17160919（西班牙语）.
^Auger RR, Goodman SH, Silber MH, Krahn LE, Pankratz VS, Slocumb NL. Risks of high-dose stimulants in the treatment of disorders of excessive somnolence: a case-control study. Sleep. 2005, 28 (6): 667–72. PMID 16477952.
^Patrick KS, González MA, Straughn AB, Markowitz JS. New methylphenidate formulations for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2005, 2 (1): 121–43. PMID 16296740. doi:10.1517/17425247.2.1.121.
^ 37.037.1
Markowitz JS, DeVane CL, Boulton DW, Nahas Z, Risch SC, Diamond F, Patrick KS. Ethylphenidate formation in human subjects after the administration of a single dose of methylphenidate and ethanol. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2000, 28 (6): 620–4. PMID 10820132.
^
Markowitz JS, Logan BK, Diamond F, Patrick KS. Detection of the novel metabolite ethylphenidate after methylphenidate overdose with alcohol coingestion. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999, 19 (4): 362–6. PMID 10440465. doi:10.1097/00004714-199908000-00013.
^Chi-Yung Shang, Yi-Lei Pan, Hsiang-Yuan Lin, Lin-Wan Huang & Susan Shur-Fen Gau. An Open-Label, Randomized Trial of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine Treatment in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. September 2015, 25 (7): 566–573. PMID 26222447. doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0035. At week 24, mean changes in ADHD-RS-IV Inattention scores were 13.58 points (Cohen's d, -3.08) for OROS-methylphenidate and 12.65 points (Cohen's d, -3.05) for atomoxetine; and mean changes in ADHD-RS-IV Hyperactivity-Impulsivity scores were 10.16 points (Cohen's d, -1.75) for OROS-methylphenidate and 10.68 points (Cohen's d, -1.87) for atomoxetine.
^Parent's Medication Guide: ADHD. American Psychiatric Association (Guidelines (Tertiary source)). American Psychiatric Association & American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). July 2013 [January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-02）. Though not FDA-approved for combined treatment, atomoxetine (Strattera) is sometimes used in conjunction with stimulants as an off-label combination therapy.
^Medical Encyclopedia → Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. MedlinePlus.gov. 2017-01-05 [January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-26）. Medicine combined with behavioral treatment often works best. Different ADHD medicines can be used alone or combined with each other. The doctor will decide which medicine is right, based on the person's symptoms and needs.
^Label of Strattera consisting of atomoxetine. DailyMed.gov (Leaflet/label (Tertiary source)). Eli Lilly Company. June 2015 [February 2017]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-07）. 7.7 Methylphenidate\ Coadministration of methylphenidate with STRATTERA did not increase cardiovascular effects beyond those seen with methylphenidate alone.
^Label of Ritalin. DailyMed. Novartis. 2017-01-05 [March, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-20）.请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Ritalin LA. DailyMed.com. Novartis. Mid 2015 [January, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-26）. Dosing Recommendations：Dosage should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patients.）请检查|access-date=, |date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Ritalin. DailyMed. Novartis. 2017-01-05 [March, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-20）. Ritalin hydrochloride, methylphenidate hydrochloride USP, is a mild central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, available as tablets of 5, 10, and 20 mg for oral administration;请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Ritalin. DailyMed.com. Novartis. 2017-01-05 [March, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-20）. Dosage should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patient.
Adults
Tablets: Administer in divided doses 2 or 3 times daily, preferably 30 to 45 minutes before meals. Average dosage is 20 to 30 mg daily. Some patients may require 40 to 60 mg daily. In others, 10 to 15 mg daily will be adequate. Patients who are unable to sleep if medication is taken late in the day should take the last dose before 6 p.m.
SR Tablets: Ritalin-SR tablets have a duration of action of approximately 8 hours. Therefore, Ritalin-SR tablets may be used in place of Ritalin tablets when the 8-hour dosage of Ritalin-SR corresponds to the titrated 8-hour dosage of Ritalin. Ritalin-SR tablets must be swallowed whole and never crushed or chewed.参数|quote=值左起第85位存在換行符 (帮助); 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Ritalin. DailyMed.com. Novartis. 2017-01-05 [March, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-20）. Dosage should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patient.
Children (6 years and over)
Ritalin should be initiated in small doses, with gradual weekly increments. Daily dosage above 60 mg is not recommended.
If improvement is not observed after appropriate dosage adjustment over a 1-month period, the drug should be discontinued.
Tablets: Start with 5 mg twice daily (before breakfast and lunch) with gradual increments of 5 to 10 mg weekly.
SR Tablets: Ritalin-SR tablets have a duration of action of approximately 8 hours. Therefore, Ritalin-SR tablets may be used in place of Ritalin tablets when the 8-hour dosage of Ritalin-SR corresponds to the titrated 8-hour dosage of Ritalin. Ritalin-SR tablets must be swallowed whole and never crushed or chewed.参数|quote=值左起第85位存在換行符 (帮助); 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Ritalin LA. DailyMed.com. Novartis. Mid 2015 [January, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-26）. Methylphenidate hydrochloride is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.
Ritalin LA® (methylphenidate hydrochloride) extended-release capsules is an extended-release formulation of methylphenidate with a bi-modal release profile. Ritalin LA uses the proprietary SODAS® (Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System) technology. Each bead-filled Ritalin LA capsule contains half the dose as immediate-release beads and half as enteric-coated, delayed-release beads, thus providing an immediate release of methylphenidate and a second delayed release of methylphenidate. Ritalin LA 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 mg capsules provide in a single dose the same amount of methylphenidate as dosages of 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 mg of Ritalin tablets given b.i.d.）参数|quote=值左起第75位存在換行符 (帮助); 请检查|access-date=, |date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Ritalin LA. DailyMed.com. Novartis. Mid 2015 [January, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-26）. Initial Treatment
The recommended starting dose of Ritalin LA is 20 mg once daily. Dosage may be adjusted in weekly 10 mg increments to a maximum of 60 mg/day taken once daily in the morning, depending on tolerability and degree of efficacy observed. Daily dosage above 60 mg is not recommended. When in the judgement of the clinician a lower initial dose is appropriate, patients may begin treatment with Ritalin LA 10 mg.）参数|quote=值左起第18位存在換行符 (帮助); 请检查|access-date=, |date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Ritalin LA. DailyMed.com. Novartis. Mid 2015 [January, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-26）. Initial Treatment
The recommended starting dose of Ritalin LA is 20 mg once daily. Dosage may be adjusted in weekly 10 mg increments to a maximum of 60 mg/day taken once daily in the morning, depending on tolerability and degree of efficacy observed. Daily dosage above 60 mg is not recommended. When in the judgement of the clinician a lower initial dose is appropriate, patients may begin treatment with Ritalin LA 10 mg.）参数|quote=值左起第18位存在換行符 (帮助); 请检查|access-date=, |date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Concerta. DailyMed.gov. Jassen Cilag. 2013 [January, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-26）. 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE \
CONCERTA® is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children 6 years of age and older, adolescents, and adults up to the age of 65 [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].
A diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; DSM-IV) implies the presence of hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment and were present before age 7 years. The symptoms must cause clinically significant impairment, e.g., in social, academic, or occupational functioning, and be present in two or more settings, e.g., school (or work) and at home. The symptoms must not be better accounted for by another mental disorder. For the Inattentive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: lack of attention to details/careless mistakes; lack of sustained attention; poor listener; failure to follow through on tasks; poor organization; avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort; loses things; easily distracted; forgetful. For the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, at least six of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: fidgeting/squirming; leaving seat; inappropriate running/climbing; difficulty with quiet activities; "on the go;" excessive talking; blurting answers; can't wait turn; intrusive. The Combined Type requires both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive criteria to be met.参数|quote=值左起第27位存在換行符 (帮助); 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Concerta. DailyMed.gov. Jassen Cilag. 2013 [January, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-26）. 14.2 Adolescents
In a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial (Study 4) involving 177 patients, CONCERTA® was demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of ADHD in adolescents aged 13 to 18 years at doses up to 72 mg/day (1.4 mg/kg/day). Of 220 patients who entered an open 4-week titration phase, 177 were titrated to an individualized dose (maximum of 72 mg/day) based on meeting specific improvement criteria on the ADHD Rating Scale and the Global Assessment of Effectiveness with acceptable tolerability. Patients who met these criteria were then randomized to receive either their individualized dose of CONCERTA® (18 – 72 mg/day, n=87) or placebo (n=90) during a two-week double-blind phase. At the end of this phase, mean scores for the investigator rating on the ADHD Rating Scale demonstrated that CONCERTA® was statistically significantly superior to placebo.参数|quote=值左起第17位存在換行符 (帮助); 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Concerta. DailyMed.gov. Jassen Cilag. 2013 [January, 2017.]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-26）. 14.2 Adolescents
14.3 Adults
Two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were conducted in 627 adults aged 18 to 65 years. The controlled studies compared CONCERTA® administered once daily and placebo in a multicenter, parallel-group, 7-week dose-titration study (Study 5) (36 to 108 mg/day) and in a multicenter, parallel-group, 5-week, fixed-dose study (Study 6) (18, 36, and 72 mg/day).
Study 5 demonstrated the effectiveness of CONCERTA® in the treatment of ADHD in adults aged 18 to 65 years at doses from 36 mg/day to 108 mg/day based on the change from baseline to final study visit on the Adult ADHD Investigator Rating Scale (AISRS). Of 226 patients who entered the 7-week trial, 110 were randomized to CONCERTA® and 116 were randomized to placebo. Treatment was initiated at 36 mg/day and patients continued with incremental increases of 18 mg/day (36 to 108 mg/day) based on meeting specific improvement criteria with acceptable tolerability. At the final study visit, mean change scores (LS Mean, SEM) for the investigator rating on the AISRS demonstrated that CONCERTA® was statistically significantly superior to placebo.
Study 6 was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-response study (5-week duration) with 3 fixed-dose groups (18, 36, and 72 mg). Patients were randomized to receive CONCERTA® administered at doses of 18 mg (n=101), 36 mg (n=102), 72 mg/day (n=102), or placebo (n=96). All three doses of CONCERTA® were statistically significantly more effective than placebo in improving CAARS (Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale) total scores at double-blind end point in adult subjects with ADHD.参数|quote=值左起第17位存在換行符 (帮助); 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Label of Ritalin LA. DailyMed.com. Novartis. 2015 [January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-26）. Maintenance/Extended Treatment\There is no body of evidence available from controlled trials to indicate how long the patient with ADHD should be treated with Ritalin LA. It is generally agreed, however, that pharmacological treatment of ADHD may be needed for extended periods. Nevertheless, the physician who elects to use Ritalin LA for extended periods in patients with ADHD should periodically re-evaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient with trials off medication to assess the patient’s functioning without pharmacotherapy. Improvement may be sustained when the drug is either temporarily or permanently discontinued.）
