Делимично као резултат Шоклијевих покушаја да комерцијализује нови дизајн транзистора током 1950-их и 1960-их, калифорнијска Силицијумска долина постала је легло иновација у електроници.
Шокли је рођен од америчких родитеља у Лондону 13. фебруара 1910. године, а одрастао је у родном граду своје породице, Пало Алту у Калифорнији, од своје треће године.[8] Његов отац, Вилијам Хилман Шокли, био је рударски инжењер који се професионално бавио рударством и говорио је осам језика. Његова мајка, Меј (рођена Бредфорд), одрасла је на америчком западу, дипломирала је на Универзитету Стенфорд и постала прва жена заменик геодета за рударство у САД.[9] Шокли је био школован код куће све до осме године, због несклоности његових родитеља према јавним школама, као и Шоклијеве навике насилних напада беса.[10] Шокли је у младости научио физику од комшије који је био професор физике на Станфорду.[11] Шокли је провео две године на војној академији Пало Алто, затим се накратко уписао у школу за тренере у Лос Анђелесу да би студирао физику и касније матурирао на Холивудској средњој школи 1927.[12][13]
Шокли је дипломирао на Калтеху 1932. и докторирао на МИТ-у 1936. Назив његове докторске тезе је био Електронски бендови у натријум хлориду, тема коју је предложио његов саветник за тезу, Џон K. Слејтер.[14]
Патенти
Шоклију је одобрено преко деведесет америчких патената.[15] Неки значајни су:
Shockley, W. (1949). „The Theory of p-n Junctions in Semiconductors and p-n Junction Transistors”. Bell System Technical Journal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 28 (3): 435—489. ISSN0005-8580. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb03645.x.
Shockley, W.; Pearson, G. L.; Haynes, J. R. (1949). „Hole Injection in Germanium-Quantitative Studies and Filamentary Transistors”. Bell System Technical Journal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 28 (3): 344—366. ISSN0005-8580. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb03641.x.
Shockley, W. (1951). „Hot Electrons in Germanium and Ohm's Law”. Bell System Technical Journal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 30 (4): 990—1034. ISSN0005-8580. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1951.tb03692.x.
Shockley, W. (1954). „Negative Resistance Arising from Transit Time in Semiconductor Diodes”. Bell System Technical Journal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 33 (4): 799—826. ISSN0005-8580. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1954.tb03742.x.
Sze, S. M.; Shockley, W. (6. 5. 1967). „Unit-Cube Expression for Space-Charge Resistance”. Bell System Technical Journal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 46 (5): 837—842. ISSN0005-8580. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1967.tb01716.x.CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
Shockley 1966, "Population Control or Eugenics." In J. D. Roslansky (ed.), Genetics and the Future of Man (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts)
Shockley 1967, "The Entrenched Dogmatism of Inverted Liberals", manuscript by Shockley from which major portions were read in lectures
Shockley 1968, "Proposed Research to Reduce Racial Aspects of the Environment-Heredity Uncertainty", proposal read by Shockley before the National Academy of Science on April 24, 1968
Shockley 1968, "Ten Point Position Statement on Human Quality Problems", revised by Shockley from a talk which he presented on "Human Quality Problems and Research Taboos"
Shockley 1969, "An Analysis Leading to a Recommendation Concerning Inquiry into Eugenic Legislation", press release by Shockley, Stanford University, April 28, 1969
Shockley 1970, "A 'Try Simplest Cases' Approach to the Heredity-Poverty-Crime Problem." In V. L. Allen (ed.), Psychological Factors in Poverty (Chicago: Markham)
Shockley 1979, "Proposed NAS Resolution, drafted October 17, 1970", proposed by Shockley before the National Academy of Sciences
Shockley 1971, "Dysgenics – A Social Problem Evaded by the Illusion of Infinite Plasticity of Human Intelligence?", manuscript planned for reading at the American Psychological Association Symposium entitled: "Social Problems: Illusion, Delusion or Reality."
"Models, Mathematics, and the Moral Obligation to Diagnose the Origin of Negro IQ Deficits", W. Shockley, (1971) [16]
Shockley 1972, "Proposed Resolution Regarding the 80% Geneticity Estimate for Caucasian IQ", advance press release concerning a paper presented by Shockley
Shockley 1973, "Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Frequencies Caused by Assortative Mating in Hybrid Populations"[20]
Shockley 1974, "Eugenic, or Anti-Dysgenic, Thinking Exercises", press release by Shockley dated 1974 May 3
Shockley 1974, "Society Has a Moral Obligation to Diagnose Tragic Racial IQ Deficits", prepared statement by Shockley to be read during his debate against Roy Innis
Shockley 1978, "Has Intellectual Humanitarianism Gone Berserk?", introductory statement read by Shockley prior to a lecture given by him at UT Dallas
Shockley 1979, "Anthropological Taboos About Determinations of Racial Mixes", press release by Shockley on October 16, 1979
Shockley 1980, "Sperm Banks and Dark-Ages Dogmatism", position paper presented by Shockley in a lecture to the Rotary Club of Chico, California, April 16, 1980
Shockley 1981, "Intelligence in Trouble", article by Shockley published in Leaders magazine, issue dated 1981 Jun 15
Шоклијеве књиге
Shockley, William – Electrons and holes in semiconductors, with applications to transistor electronics, Krieger (1956) ISBN0-88275-382-7
Shockley, William and Gong, Walter A – Mechanics Charles E. Merrill, Inc. (1966)
^„Inventors of the transistor followed diverse paths after 1947 discovery”. Bangor Daily News. Associated Press. 26. 12. 1987. Приступљено 2022-07-13. „Although he has received less publicity in recent years, his views have become, if anything, more extreme. He suggested in an interview the possibility of bonus payments to black people for undergoing voluntary sterilization.”CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
^„Contributors to Proceedings of the I.R.E”. Proceedings of the IRE. 40 (11): 1605—1612. 1952. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1952.274003.
^„Palo Alto History”. www.paloaltohistory.org. Приступљено 14. 12. 2020. „In Palo Alto, William's temper improved little at first. But ignoring psychiatric recommendations for more socialization, his parents decided to home school William until age eight. Finally, feeling they were unable to keep him out of a school setting any longer, they sent him to the Homer Avenue School for two years, where his behavior improved dramatically --- he even earned an "A" in comportment in his first year.”CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
^„William Shockley”. American Institute of Physics (на језику: енглески). 10. 9. 1974. Приступљено 2022-07-17.CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
Simonton 1999, стр. 4 "When Terman first used the IQ test to select a sample of child geniuses, he unknowingly excluded a special child whose IQ did not make the grade. Yet a few decades later that talent received the Nobel Prize in physics: William Shockley, the cocreator of the transistor. Ironically, not one of the more than 1,500 children who qualified according to his IQ criterion received so high an honor as adults."
Eysenck 1998, стр. 127–128 "Terman, who originated those 'Genetic Studies of Genius', as he called them, selected ... children on the basis of their high IQs, the mean was 151 for both sexes. Seventy–seven who were tested with the newly translated and standardized Binet test had IQs of 170 or higher–well at or above the level of Cox's geniuses. What happened to these potential geniuses–did they revolutionize society? ... The answer in brief is that they did very well in terms of achievement, but none reached the Nobel Prize level, let alone that of genius. ... It seems clear that these data powerfully confirm the suspicion that intelligence is not a sufficient trait for truly creative achievement of the highest grade."
Brittain, J.E. (1984). „Becker and Shive on the transistor”. Proceedings of the IEEE. 72 (12): 1695. ISSN0018-9219. S2CID1616808. doi:10.1109/PROC.1984.13075. „an observation that William Shockley interpreted as confirmation of his concept of that junction transistor”
