除特别注明外,本条目所有时间均以
中时区 时间(
UTC±0 )为准。
1950年代 1960年代 1970年代 1980年代 1990年代 2000年代 2010年代 2020年代
2011年的全球航天界发生了许多重大事件,包括2011年7月美国国家 航空航天局的航天飞机 在最后一次飞行后退役,以及9月中国 首个空间站 原型天宫一号 成功发射。2011年共进行84次轨道发射,其中78次成功。俄罗斯 、中国和美国 完成了全年大部分的轨道发射,分别进行了35次、19次和18次发射;2011年是中国的首次发射次数超过美国的一年。[ 1] 2011年共有7次载人航天器进入轨道,共将28名宇航员送往国际空间站 。此外,天顶-3F 和长征二号F/G 运载火箭 于2011年完成首飞,而德尔塔二号 重型运载火箭则进行了最后一次飞行。
轨道级航天活动概述
2011年共尝试了84次轨道发射,其中78次成功;80次发射进入轨道。俄罗斯和前苏联的火箭完成了35次发射,而中国则发射了19次,美国发射了18次。另外,欧洲进行了5次发射,印度和日本各进行了3次,伊朗进行了1次。
载人航天
2011年共发射了7次载人航天飞机(四次联盟号飞船 和三次航天飞机 任务),共将28名宇航员和航天员送入轨道。这年年初,远征26 乘组已进入国际空间站 (ISS)。2011年的首次载人飞行是STS-133 ,由美国航天飞机 发现号 于2月24日在肯尼迪航天中心 完成,这也是它的最后一次飞行。STS-133搭载了最后一个美国加压舱“莱昂纳多”号 至国际空间站进行安装。发现号 于3月9日返回地球。
3月16日,远征27 随着自2010年10月以来一直对接国际空间站的联盟号TMA-01M 飞船离开国际空间站。4月4日,联盟号TMA-21 发射升空前往空间站,并运送另外三名乘组人员。5月16日,美国航天飞机 奋进号 执行其最后一次任务STS-134 。它向国际空间站运送并安装了阿尔法磁谱仪 ,然后于6月1日返回地球。随着2010年12月发射的联盟号TMA-20飞船 于5月23日撤离(于5月24日凌晨着陆),远征28 开始了其在国际空间站的任务。6月7日,另外三名乘组人员搭乘联盟号TMA-02M飞船 前往国际空间站。
最后一次航天飞机任务STS-135 于7月8日随着美国航天飞机 亚特兰蒂斯号 的发射开始,携带拉斐尔 多用途后勤舱 (MPLM)为国际空间站运送补给。在为空间站补充补给后,亚特兰蒂斯号 返回地球,于世界标准时间 7月21日09:57降落在肯尼迪航天中心 的航天飞机着陆设施 ,结束了总计30年的航天飞机运行。在着陆前两天,亚特兰蒂斯号 部署了PSSC-2,这是最后一颗从航天飞机发射的卫星。
9月29日,中国首个空间站原型天宫一号 在酒泉卫星发射中心 由长征二号F/G 运载火箭发射升空并成功入轨。尽管2011年没有进行有关天宫一号的载人飞行任务,但10月31日发射的神舟八号 无人飞船 与天宫一号进行了两次交會 對接 ,以测试其系统,为2012年成功进行载人对接 做准备。
9月16日,随着联盟号TMA-21脱离对接,国际空间站远征28任务结束,远征29 开始。联盟号TMA-22 的发射直到11月14日才进行,原因是8月份联盟号 火箭的无人发射失败后,人们对其可靠性产生了担忧,导致发射被推迟。一周后,联盟号TMA-02M脱离对接并于11月22日着陆,这也标志着远征30 任务的开始。当年最后一次载人发射于12月21日进行,联盟号TMA-03M 将另外三名乘组人员送往国际空间站。
2011年共进行了10次舱外活动 ,全部由国际空间站或航天飞机宇航员进行。航天飞机乘组的最后一次太空行走于5月27日在STS-134任务期间进行。
无人探测
2011年启动了多项科学探索任务。2011年3月,信使号 探测器成为水星 的第一颗人造卫星。7月,“黎明”号 航天器成为小行星 灶神星 的首颗人造卫星。火星科学实验室 ——当时有史以来建造的最大的火星探测器 ——于2012年11月发射,并于2012年8月成功登陆火星。[ 2]
发射失败
2011年共有6次轨道发射失败,其中4次未能进入轨道,其余2次进入的轨道低于预期。第一次事故发生在2月1日,当时一架装有Briz-KM 上面级的呼啸运载火箭 将Kosmos2470卫星送入了一个无法恢复的错误轨道。后来,故障被追溯到Briz-KM的软件问题。
第二次事故发生在3月4日,当时金牛座XL 的整流罩 未能分离,导致火箭过重而无法进入轨道。辉煌号气候研究卫星 以及几个立方卫星 (KySat-1、Hermes和Explorer-1[PRIME])均在此次事故中损失。上一次金牛座-XL的发射是在2009年2月,当时搭载着在轨碳观测台 ,也因整流罩未分离而失败。
2011年的接下来几个月没有再出现发射失败。直到8月中旬,在一周的时间内,连续三次轨道级航天发射全部宣告失败。8月17日,质子-M /Briz-M 上面级运载火箭搭载Ekspress-AM4通信卫星,从拜科努尔航天发射场 顺利起飞。8月18日上午,由于姿态控制系统故障,火箭上面级未能进行计划中的五次点火中的第四次,导致航天器滞留在停泊轨道。当天晚些时候,长征二号丙运载火箭 从酒泉发射,搭载实践十一号04号 卫星。由于二级游机与伺服机构连接失效,火箭失去控制,最终未能进入轨道。最后,8月24日,搭载进步M-12M 货运飞船前往国际空间站的联盟-U运载火箭 第三级发动机发生故障,同样未能进入轨道。
2011年的最后一次发射失败发生在12月23日,当时搭载子午线5号卫星的联盟号2-1b /弗雷加特上面级 运载火箭因第三级故障未能进入轨道。碎片落到新西伯利亚州 ,其中一块砸中了一所房屋,不过没有人员伤亡的报告。
2011年11月,俄罗斯的福布斯-土壤 火卫一 样本返回 探测器成功发射进入预定轨道,但其后佛盖特上面级 出现故障,无法变轨 ,探测器最终于2012年1月15日在太平洋上空再入 解体。该航天器是俄罗斯自1996年火星96号 任务以来首次尝试开展行星际飞行 的任务。与福布斯-土壤搭载同一枚火箭升空的中国首个火星探测器 “萤火一号” 也在此次事故中丢失。
轨道发射
发射时间 (UTC )
运载火箭
火箭编号
发射场
发射服务提供商
有效载荷 (⚀ = 立方星 )
载荷用户
轨道
功能
再入 时间 (UTC)
结果
附注
January
20 January 12:29:01
Zenit-3F
Baikonur Site 45/1
Roscosmos
Elektro-L No.1
Roscosmos
Geostationary
Meteorology
在轨
Operational[ 3]
Maiden flight of Zenit-3F.
20 January 21:10[ 5]
Delta IV-H
Vandenberg SLC-6
United Launch Alliance
USA-224 (KH-11 )
NRO
Low Earth
Earth observation
在轨
Operational
NRO Launch 49, first Delta IV Heavy launch from Vandenberg.[ 4]
22 January 05:37:57[ 6]
H-IIB
Tanegashima LA-Y2
JAXA [ 7]
Kounotori 2 (HTV-2 )
JAXA
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
30 March
Successful
28 January 01:31:41
Soyuz-U
Baikonur Site 1/5
Roscosmos
Progress M-09M / 41P
Roscosmos
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
26 April 13:22:53
Successful
Kedr
RKK Energia
Low Earth
Amateur radio
4 January 2012[ 8]
Successful
February
1 February 14:00
Rokot / Briz-KM
Plesetsk Site 133/3
VKS
Kosmos 2470 (Geo-IK-2 No.11)
VKS
Low Earth
Geodesy
15 July 2013[ 10]
Launch failure
Upper stage malfunctioned due to problems with the flight software,[ 9] reached lower orbit than planned.
6 February 12:26
Minotaur I
Vandenberg SLC-8
Orbital Sciences
USA-225 (RPP)
NRO
Low Earth
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational[ 11]
NRO Launch 66
16 February 21:50[ 12]
Ariane 5 ES
Kourou ELA-3
Arianespace
Johannes Kepler ATV
ESA
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
21 June
Successful
24 February 21:53:24
美国航天飞机 发现号
Kennedy LC-39A
United Space Alliance
STS-133
NASA
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
9 March 16:57:17
Successful
Leonardo (PMM)[ 13]
ASI / NASA
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS assembly
在轨
Operational
ExPRESS-4
NASA
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
在轨
Operational
Crewed flight, final flight of Discovery .
26 February 03:07
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat
Plesetsk Site 43/4
RVSN RF
Kosmos 2471 (Glonass-K 701 )
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
12 November 2021
Successful[ 14]
March
4 March 10:09:43
Taurus-XL 3110
Vandenberg LC-576E
Orbital Sciences
Glory
NASA
Intended: Low Earth (SSO )
Climatology
4 March
Launch failure
⚀ KySat-1
Kentucky Space
Intended: Low Earth
Technology demonstration
⚀ Hermes
Colorado
Intended: Low Earth
Technology demonstration
⚀ Explorer-1 [PRIME]
Montana State
Intended: Low Earth
Radiation
All payloads CubeSats except Glory, which would have been part of the A-train constellation. Fairing failed to separate.
5 March 22:46
Atlas V 501
Cape Canaveral SLC-41
United Launch Alliance
USA-226 (X-37B FLT-2 )
U.S. Air Force
Low Earth
Technology demonstration
16 June 2012 12:48[ 15] [ 16]
Successful
11 March 23:38
Delta IV-M+ (4,2)
Cape Canaveral SLC-37B
United Launch Alliance
USA-227 (SDS-3 )
NRO
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
NRO Launch 27
April
4 April 22:18:20[ 17] [ 18]
Soyuz-FG
Baikonur Site 1/5
Roscosmos
Soyuz TMA-21
Roscosmos
Low Earth (ISS )
Expedition 27 /28
16 September 03:59:39
Successful
9 April 20:47:04
Long March 3A
Xichang LC-3
CNSA
Compass-IGSO3
CNSA
IGSO
Navigation
在轨
Operational
14 April 04:24
Atlas V 411[ 19]
Vandenberg SLC-3E
United Launch Alliance
USA-229 (NOSS )
NRO
Low Earth
ELINT
在轨
Operational
USA-229 (NOSS )
NRO
Low Earth
ELINT
在轨
Operational
NRO Launch 34
20 April 04:42[ 20] [ 21] [ 22]
PSLV
Satish Dhawan FLP
ISRO
Resourcesat-2
ISRO
Low Earth (SSO )
Earth observation
在轨
Operational
YouthSat
ISRO / MGU
Low Earth (SSO )
Education
在轨
Operational
X-Sat
CREST
Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
22 April 21:37[ 23] [ 24] [ 25]
Ariane 5 ECA [ 26]
Kourou ELA-3
Arianespace
Yahsat 1A
Yahsat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
New Dawn [ 27]
Intelsat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Partial spacecraft failure
New Dawn's C-Band antenna failed to deploy.
27 April 13:05:21
Soyuz-U
Baikonur Site 1/5
Roscosmos
Progress M-10M / 42P
Roscosmos
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
29 October 13:00:31
Successful
May
4 May 17:41:33[ 28]
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat
Plesetsk Site 43/4
RVSN RF
Meridian 4
VKS
Medium Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
7 May 18:10
Atlas V 401
Cape Canaveral SLC-41
United Launch Alliance
USA-230 (SBIRS-GEO 1)
U.S. Air Force
Geosynchronous
Missile defense
在轨
Operational
16 May 12:56
美国航天飞机 奋进号
Kennedy LC-39A
United Space Alliance
STS-134
NASA
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
1 June 06:35
Successful
AMS-02 [ 13]
NASA
Low Earth (ISS )
Cosmic-ray observatory
在轨
Operational
ExPRESS-3
NASA
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
在轨
Operational
Crewed flight, final flight of Endeavour .
20 May 19:15[ 30]
Proton-M /Briz-M Enhanced
Baikonur Site 200/39
International Launch Services
Telstar 14R
Telesat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Partial spacecraft failure
Second solar panel failed to deploy due to tangled cable[ 29]
20 May 20:38[ 31]
Ariane 5 ECA
Kourou ELA-3
Arianespace
ST-2
SingTel / Chunghwa
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
INSAT-4G/GSAT-8 [ 32]
ISRO
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
June
7 June 20:12:45
Soyuz-FG
Baikonur Site 1/5
Roscosmos
Soyuz TMA-02M
Roscosmos
Low Earth (ISS )
Expedition 28 /29
22 November 02:26
Successful
10 June 14:20
Delta II 7320
Vandenberg SLC-2W
United Launch Alliance
SAC-D
CONAE / NASA
Low Earth (SSO )
Oceanography
在轨
Operational
Final scheduled flight of Delta II 7300 series; spacecraft carrying NASA's Aquarius instrument.
15 June 09:14[來源請求]
Safir-1A
UIS.0001
Semnan LP-1
ISA
Rasad 1
ISA
Low Earth
Earth observation
6 July 2011
Successful
20 June 16:13[ 33]
Long March 3B
Xichang LC-2
CNSA
ChinaSat 10
China Satellite Communications
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
21 June 14:38
Soyuz-U
Baikonur Site 1/5
Roscosmos
Progress M-11M / 43P
Roscosmos
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
1 September 10:21:41
Successful
27 June 16:00[ 34]
Soyuz-U
Plesetsk Site 16/2
VKS
Kosmos 2472 (Kobalt-M No.7)
VKS
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
24 October
Successful
30 June 03:09
Minotaur I
MARS LP-0B
Orbital Sciences
USA-231 (ORS-1)
ORSO
Low Earth
Reconnaissance
12 March 2018[ 35]
Successful
July
6 July 04:28[ 36]
Long March 2C
Jiuquan SLS-2
CNSA
Shijian 11-03
CNSA
Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
8 July 15:29
美国航天飞机 亚特兰蒂斯号
Kennedy LC-39A
United Space Alliance
STS-135
NASA
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
21 July 2011 09:57
Successful
Raffaelo MPLM
NASA
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
Successful
PSSC-2
U.S. Air Force
Low Earth
Technology demonstration
8 December
Successful
Crewed flight, final flight of Atlantis and of Space Shuttle program me.
11 July 15:41[ 37] [ 38]
Long March 3C
Xichang LC-2
CNSA
Tianlian I-02 (1B)
CNSA
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
13 July 02:27[ 39] [ 40]
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat
Baikonur Site 31/6
Starsem
Globalstar M081
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M083
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M085
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M088
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M089
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M091
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
15 July 11:18
PSLV-XL
Satish Dhawan FLP
ISRO
GSAT-12
ISRO
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
15 July 23:16
Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced
Baikonur Site 200/39
International Launch Services
SES-3
SES World Skies (July–September)SES S.A. (September—)
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
KazSat-2
JSC KazSat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
16 July 06:41
Delta IV -M+ (4,2)
Cape Canaveral SLC-37B
United Launch Alliance
USA-232 (GPS-IIF-2 )
U.S. Air Force
Medium Earth
Navigation
在轨
Operational
18 July 02:31[ 41]
Zenit-3F
Baikonur Site 45/1
Roscosmos
Spektr-R (RadioAstron)
Roscosmos
High Earth
Radio astronomy
30 May 2019
Successful
Russian scientific satellite with a 10米(33英尺) radio telescope on board. Together with some of the largest ground-based radio telescopes, the Spektr-R formed interferometric baselines extending up to 350,000 km(220,000 mi).
26 July 21:44[ 42]
Long March 3A
Xichang LC-3
CNSA
Compass-IGSO4
CNSA
IGSO
Navigation
在轨
Operational
29 July 07:42[ 43]
Long March 2C
Jiuquan SLS-2
CNSA
Shijian 11-02
CNSA
Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
August
5 August 16:25[ 44]
Atlas V 551
Cape Canaveral SLC-41
United Launch Alliance
Juno
NASA
Jovicentric
Jupiter orbiter
在轨
Operational
6 August 22:52[ 45]
Ariane 5 ECA
Kourou ELA-3
Arianespace
Astra 1N
SES Astra (August–September)SES S.A. (September—)
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
BSAT-3c / JCSAT-110R
BSAT / JSAT
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
11 August 16:15[ 46]
Long March 3B/E
Xichang LC-2
CNSA
Paksat-1R
SUPARCO
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
15 August 22:57[ 47]
Long March 4B
Taiyuan LC-2
CNSA
Hai Yang 2A
CAST
Low Earth (SSO )
Oceanography
在轨
Operational
17 August 07:12[ 48]
Dnepr
Dombarovsky Site 13
ISC Kosmotras
Sich-2
NKAU
Low Earth (SSO )
Earth observation
在轨
Operational
NigeriaSat-2
NASRDA
Low Earth (SSO )
Earth observation
在轨
Operational
NigeriaSat-X
NASRDA
Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
RASAT
TÜBİTAK
Low Earth (SSO )
Earth observation
在轨
Successful
EduSAT
GAUSS Srl
Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
AprizeSat-5
exactEarth
Low Earth (SSO )
Communications
在轨
Operational
AprizeSat-6
exactEarth
Low Earth (SSO )
Communications
在轨
Operational
BPA-2
Hartron-Arkos
Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
在轨
Successful
17 August 21:25[ 50]
Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced
Baikonur Site 200/39
Khrunichev
Ekspress AM-4
RSCC
Intended: Geosynchronous Achieved: GTO
Communications
25 March 2012
Launch failure
Briz-M upper stage failed before the planned fourth burn. An insufficient time slot was allocated for re-setting the gyroscopes of the upper stage control system before launch, which led to loss of adequate attitude control in flight.[ 49]
18 August 09:28[ 52]
Long March 2C
Jiuquan SLS-2
CNSA
Shijian 11-04
CNSA
Intended: Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
18 August
Launch failure
Failed to reach orbit. Second stage's vernier engine support structure failed in flight, led to loss of attitude control.[ 51]
24 August 13:00[ 54]
Soyuz-U
Baikonur Site 1/5
Roscosmos
Progress M-12M / 44P
Roscosmos
Intended: Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
24 August
Launch failure
Third stage engine failure 325 seconds after launch due to the gas generator fuel supply pipeline being blocked by contaminants.[ 53]
September
10 September 13:08:52 [ 55]
Delta II 7920H
Cape Canaveral SLC-17B
United Launch Alliance
GRAIL-A (Ebb)
NASA
Selenocentric
Lunar orbiter
17 December 2012 22:28:51[ 56]
Successful
GRAIL-B (Flow)
NASA
Selenocentric
Lunar orbiter
17 December 2012 22:29:21[ 56]
Successful
Final launch of Delta II Heavy, final Delta II launch from Cape Canaveral, and last launch from SLC-17.
18 September 16:33[ 57]
Long March 3B/E
Xichang LC-2
CNSA
Chinasat-1A
China Satcom
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
20 September 22:47
Proton-M / Briz-M
Baikonur Site 81/24
Khrunichev
Kosmos 2473 (Garpun #1 )
VKS
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
21 September 21:38
Ariane 5 ECA
Kourou ELA-3
Arianespace
Arabsat 5C
Arabsat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
SES-2
SES S.A.
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
23 September 04:36:50
H-IIA
Tanegashima LA-Y1
MHI
IGS Optical 4
CSICE
Low Earth (SSO )
Reconnaissance
在轨
Successful[ 58]
24 September 20:18
Zenit-3SL
Ocean Odyssey
Sea Launch
Atlantic Bird 7
Eutelsat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
27 September 15:49
Minotaur IV+
Kodiak LP-1
Orbital Sciences
TacSat-4
U.S. Air Force
Highly elliptical
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
29 September 13:16:03[ 59]
Long March 2F/G
T1
Jiuquan SLS-1
CNSA
Tiangong-1
CMSA
Low Earth
Space station
2 April 2018 00:16[ 60]
Successful
Maiden flight of Long March 2F/G, first Chinese space station prototype.
29 September 18:32[ 61]
Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced
Baikonur Site 200/39
International Launch Services
QuetzSat 1
SES Satellite Leasing
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
Intended for lease to QuetzSat .
October
2 October 20:15
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat
Plesetsk Site 43/4
RVSN RF
Kosmos 2474 (Glonass-M 742 )
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
在轨
Operational
5 October 21:00
Zenit-3SLB
Baikonur Site 45/1
Land Launch
Intelsat 18
Intelsat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
7 October 08:21
Long March 3B/E
Xichang LC-2
CNSA
Eutelsat W3C
Eutelsat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
12 October 05:31
PSLV-CA
Satish Dhawan FLP
ISRO
Megha-Tropiques [ 62]
ISRO / CNES
Low Earth
Climatology
7 March 2023[ 63]
Successful
SRMSAT
SRM
Low Earth
Climatology
在轨
Operational
VesselSat-1
Luxspace
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
⚀ Jugnu
IITK
Low Earth
Earth observation
在轨
Operational
19 October 18:48
Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced
Baikonur Site 200/39
International Launch Services
ViaSat-1
ViaSat -IOM / ManSat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
21 October[ 64] [ 65] 10:30
Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT
Kourou ELS
Arianespace
Galileo IOV 1
ESA
Medium Earth
Navigation / Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
Galileo IOV 2
ESA
Medium Earth
Navigation / Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
First Soyuz launch from Kourou.
28 October 09:48:01
Delta II 7920-10
Vandenberg SLC-2W
United Launch Alliance
NPP
NASA / NOAA
Low Earth
Meteorology
在轨
Operational
⚀ AubieSat 1
Auburn University
Low Earth
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
⚀ DICE-1
Space Dynamics Laboratory
Low Earth
Magnetospheric research
在轨
Operational
⚀ DICE-2
Space Dynamics Laboratory
Low Earth
Magnetospheric research
在轨
Operational
⚀ E1P-U2
Montana State
Low Earth
Radiation
在轨
Operational
⚀ M-Cubed
University of Michigan
Low Earth
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
⚀ RAX-2
University of Michigan
Low Earth
Auroral
在轨
Operational
30 October 10:11
Soyuz-U
Baikonur Site 1/5
Roscosmos
Progress M-13M / 45P
Roscosmos
Low Earth (ISS )
ISS logistics
25 January 2012
Successful
Chibis-M (RS-39)
IKI
Low Earth
Ionospheric research
15 October 2014
Successful
31 October 21:58:10
Long March 2F
Y8
Jiuquan SLS-1
CNSA
Shenzhou 8
CMSA
Low Earth (Tiangong-1 )
Technology demonstration
17 November 11:36
Successful
Shenzhou-8-GC
CMSA
Low Earth (Tiangong-1 )
Technology demonstration
2 April 2012
Successful
Uncrewed flight, first Chinese orbital docking.
November
4 November 12:51:41[ 66]
Proton-M / Briz-M
Baikonur Site 81/24
Khrunichev
Kosmos 2475 (Glonass-M 743 )
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
在轨
Operational
Kosmos 2476 (Glonass-M 744 )
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
在轨
Operational
Kosmos 2477 (Glonass-M 745 )
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
在轨
Operational
8 November 20:16
Zenit-2M
Baikonur Site 45/1
Roscosmos
Fobos-Grunt
Roscosmos
Intended: Areocentric Achieved: Low Earth
Phobos sample return
15 January 2012
Spacecraft failure
Yinghuo-1
CNSA
Intended: Areocentric Achieved: Low Earth
Mars orbiter
First Russian attempt at an interplanetary mission since 1996.[ 67] First Chinese Mars probe Spacecraft stranded in low Earth orbit, as telemetry was lost soon after launch and the two trans-Martian injection burns by the payload did not take place[ 68]
9 November 03:21[ 69]
Long March 4B
Taiyuan LC-2
CNSA
Yaogan 12
CNSA
Low Earth (SSO )
Reconnaissance
在轨
Operational
Tian Xun 1
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
7 February 2016[ 70]
Successful
14 November 04:14[ 71]
Soyuz-FG
Baikonur Site 1/5
Roscosmos
Soyuz TMA-22
Roscosmos
Low Earth (ISS )
Expedition 29 /30
27 April 2012
Successful
20 November 00:15[ 72]
Long March 2D
Jiuquan SLS-2
CNSA
Shiyan 4
CNSA
Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
Chuang Xin 1C
CNSA
Low Earth (SSO )
Technology demonstration
在轨
Operational
25 November 19:10:34
Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced
Baikonur Site 200/39
International Launch Services
AsiaSat 7
AsiaSat
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
26 November 15:02
Atlas V 541
Cape Canaveral SLC-41
United Launch Alliance
Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity )
NASA
TMI to Martian Surface
Mars rover
6 August 2012 05:18
Successful[ 2]
Maiden flight of Atlas V 541, largest Mars rover yet launched.
28 November 08:25:57
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat
Plesetsk Site 43/4
RVSN RF
Kosmos 2478 (Glonass-M 746 )
VKS
Medium Earth
Navigation
在轨
Operational
29 November 18:50[ 73]
Long March 2C
Taiyuan LC-2
CNSA
Yaogan 13
CNSA
Low Earth (SSO )
Reconnaissance
在轨
Operational
December
1 December 21:07[ 74]
Long March 3A
Xichang LC-3
CNSA
Compass-IGSO5
CNSA
IGSO
Navigation
在轨
Operational
11 December 11:17
Proton-M / Briz-M Enhanced
Baikonur Site 81/24
Roscosmos
Luch 5A
Gonets Satellite System
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
Amos-5
SCL
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
12 December 01:21
H-IIA
Tanegashima LA-Y1
MHI
IGS Radar 3
CSICE
Low Earth (SSO )
Reconnaissance (radar)
在轨
Operational
17 December 02:03:08
Soyuz ST-A / Fregat
Kourou ELS
Arianespace
Pléiades-HR 1A
CNES
Low Earth (SSO )
Earth observation /Reconnaissance
在轨
Operational
FASat-Charlie (SSOT)
MDN
Low Earth (SSO )
Earth observation /Reconnaisance
在轨
Operational
ELISA 1
CNES / DGA
Low Earth (SSO )
ELINT
在轨
Operational
ELISA 2
CNES / DGA
Low Earth (SSO )
ELINT
在轨
Operational
ELISA 3
CNES / DGA
Low Earth (SSO )
ELINT
在轨
Operational
ELISA 4
CNES / DGA
Low Earth (SSO )
ELINT
在轨
Operational
19 December 16:41[ 75]
Long March 3B/E
Xichang LC-2
CNSA
NigComSat-1R
NIGCOMSAT / NASRDA
Geosynchronous
Communications
在轨
Operational
21 December 13:16
Soyuz-FG
Baikonur Site 1/5
Roscosmos
Soyuz TMA-03M
Roscosmos
Low Earth (ISS )
Expedition 30 /31
1 July 2012 08:14[ 76]
Successful
22 December 03:26
Long March 4B
Taiyuan LC-2
CNSA
Ziyuan 1-02C
CNSA
Low Earth (SSO )
Earth observation
在轨
Operational
23 December 12:08
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat
Plesetsk Site 43/4
VKO
Meridian 5
VKO
Intended: Molniya
Communications
23 December
Launch failure
Third stage engine malfunctioned 421 seconds after launch, failed to reach orbit; first launch conducted by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
28 December 17:09
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat
Baikonur Site 31/6
Starsem
Globalstar M080
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M082
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M084
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M086
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M090
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
Globalstar M092
Globalstar
Low Earth
Communications
在轨
Operational
亚轨道发射
发射时间 (UTC )
运载火箭
火箭编号
发射场
发射服务提供商
有效载荷 (⚀ = 立方星 )
载荷用户
轨道
功能
再入 时间 (UTC)
结果
附注
22 January 06:10[ 77]
Terrier-Oriole
Wallops Island
MDA
Aegis Radar Test
MDA
Suborbital
Radar target
22 January
Successful
Aegis Radar target, not intercepted, Apogee: 100公里(62英里)
28 January 10:46:00[ 78]
Black Brant IX
Poker Flat
NASA
FIRE
Colorado
Suborbital
Astronomy
28 January
Spacecraft failure[ 78]
5 February 08:11:11[ 78]
Black Brant IX
Poker Flat
NASA
Polar NOx
VPI
Suborbital
Geospace
5 February
Spacecraft failure[ 78]
February[ 77]
Shahab-3
IRGC
IGRC
Suborbital
Missile test
February
Successful
Two missiles with a range of 1,900 kilometres were fired into the Indian Ocean prior to 19 February[來源請求]
February[ 77]
Sejjil-2
IRGC
IGRC
Suborbital
Missile test
February
Successful
Two missiles with a range of 1,900 kilometres were fired into the Indian Ocean prior to 19 February[來源請求]
1 March 21:00[ 77]
UGM-133 Trident II D5
“Nevada”号SSBN-733 (6) , Pacific Ocean
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Missile test
1 March
Successful
Demonstration and Shakedown Operation 22 (DASO-22)
2 March 13:40[ 77]
Juno
Fort Wingate LC-96
U.S. Army
U.S. Army
Suborbital
Target
2 March
Successful
Target for MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3 MSE test, successfully intercepted
9 March[ 77]
Terrier-Oriole
Kauai
MDA
ARAV-B
MDA
Suborbital
Radar target
9 March
Successful
Tracked by STSS satellites
11 March
Dhanush
Sea launch from Indian Ocean
DRDO
DRDO
Suborbital
Target
11 March
Successful
Apogee: 100公里(62英里)
11 March
Prithvi II
Integrated Test Range IC-3
DRDO
DRDO
Suborbital
Missile test
11 March
Successful
Apogee: 100公里(62英里)
15 March[ 77]
Kavoshgar (Zelzal -based)
Semnan Space Center
ISA
Kavoshgar-4
ISA
Suborbital
Test flight
15 March
Successful
Test of biological capsule. Apogee: 120公里(75英里)
16 March[ 77]
Terrier-Oriole
Kauai
MDA
ARAV-B
MDA
Suborbital
Radar target
16 March
Successful
Tracked by both STSS Demo satellites
23 March 18:50:00[ 78]
Black Brant IX
White Sands
NASA
EVE
CU Boulder
Suborbital
SDO calibration[ 79]
23 March
Successful[ 78]
29 March 04:01[ 80]
VSB-30
Esrange
EuroLaunch
TEXUS -49
DLR/ESA
Suborbital
Microgravity
29 March
Successful
Apogee: 268公里(167英里)
15 April 06:52[ 77]
UGM-96 Trident I C4 (LV-2)[ 81]
FTM-15
Meck
MDA
MDA
Suborbital
ABM target
15 April
Successful
15 April 07:03[ 77]
RIM-161 Standard Missile 3
FTM-15
“O'Kane”号DDG-177 (6) , Pacific Ocean
US Navy
FTM-15
US Navy
Suborbital
ABM test
15 April
Successful
First intercept of an IRBM by an SM-3 (FTM-15 Stellar Charon )
26 April[ 77]
R-29RMU Sineva
K-84 Ekaterinburg , Barents Sea
VMF
VMF
Suborbital
Missile test
26 April
Successful
27 April 08:00:00[ 78]
Black Brant IX
Poker Flat
NASA
WFF
Suborbital
Test flight
27 April
Successful[ 78]
6 May[ 82] 23:02[ 83]
Tianying 3C
Hainan
CNSA
Kunpeng-1
CSSAR
Suborbital
Environment monitoring
23:09
Successful
Apogee: 196.6公里(122.2英里).
11 May 18:00[ 77]
Improved Orion
Barreira do Inferno
AEB
INPE
Suborbital
Microgravity
11 May
Successful
20 May 13:21[來源請求]
SpaceLoft XL
Spaceport America
UP Aerospace
Suborbital
Technology demonstration
20 May
Successful
Goddard
Celestis
Suborbital
Space burial
Successful
Apogee: 118.3公里(73.5英里), successfully recovered.
20 May 14:50[ 77]
R-29RMU2.1 Layner
K-84 Ekaterinburg , Barents Sea
VMF
VMF
Suborbital
Missile test
20 May
Successful
Maiden flight of Layner missile
10 June 11:11:16[ 78]
Terrier-Orion
Wallops Island
NASA
SubTec IV [ 77]
GSFC
Suborbital
Technology demonstration
10 June
Successful[ 78]
22 June 13:35
LGM-30G Minuteman III
Vandenberg LF-10
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
22 June
Successful
23 June 10:18:00[ 78]
Terrier-Orion
Wallops Island
NASA
RockOn
Colorado
Suborbital
Student experiments
23 June
Successful[ 78]
28 June 11:55[ 77]
RSM-56 Bulava
K-535 Yuri Dolgorukiy , White Sea
VMF
VMF
Suborbital
Missile test
28 June
Successful
28 June[ 77]
Shahab-1
Iran
IRGC
IGRC
Suborbital
Missile test
28 June
Successful
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里(62英里)
28 June[ 77]
Shahab-1
Iran
IGRC
IRGC
Suborbital
Missile test
28 June
Successful
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里(62英里)
28 June[ 77]
Shahab-2
Iran
IRGC
IRGC
Suborbital
Missile test
28 June
Successful
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里(62英里)
28 June[ 77]
Shahab-2
Iran
IRGC
IRGC
Suborbital
Missile test
28 June
Successful
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 100公里(62英里)
28 June[ 77]
Ghadr-1 [ 77]
Iran
IRGC
IRGC
Suborbital
Missile test
28 June
Successful
Part of an exercise with 14 missile launches, apogee: 500公里(310英里)
9 July 02:04[ 77]
SRALT
C-17 , Pacific Ocean
MDA
FTX-17
MDA
Suborbital
Radar target
9 July
Successful
Tracked by STSS Demo satellites
9 July 09:00:00[ 78]
Black Brant VB
Wallops LA-2 [ 77]
NASA
Daytime Dynamo
NASA
Suborbital
Geospace
9 July
Successful[ 78]
9 July 09:00:15[ 78]
Terrier-Orion
Wallops LA-2[ 77]
NASA
Daytime Dynamo
NASA
Suborbital
Geospace
9 July
Successful[ 78]
11 July 15:35[ 77]
Gradicom II
Chamical
CITEFA
CITEFA
Suborbital
Test flight
11 July
Successful
Apogee: 100公里(62英里)
21 July 07:00[ 84]
Nike-Improved Orion
Esrange
EuroLaunch
PHOCUS
Stockholm /SSC
Suborbital
Atmospheric
21 July
Successful
21 July 11:58:00[ 78]
Terrier-Orion
Wallops Island
NASA
RockSat-X
Wallops Flight Facility
Suborbital
Student experiments
21 July
Successful[ 78]
27 July 10:01[ 77]
LGM-30G Minuteman III
Vandenberg LF-04
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Air Force
Suborbital
Test flight
27 July
Launch failure
An anomaly was detected five minutes after launch and the flight was terminated.
27 July[ 77]
R-29RMU Sineva
K-84 Ekaterinburg , Barents Sea
VMF
VMF
Suborbital
Missile test
27 July
Successful
11 August 14:45[ 77]
Minotaur IV Lite
Vandenberg SLC-8
Orbital
HTV-2b
U.S. Air Force
Suborbital
Technology demonstration
11 August
Spacecraft failure
Second flight of the HTV-2, loss of contact approximately 20 minutes after launch at Mach 20.
27 August 03:20[ 77]
RSM-56 Bulava
K-535 Yuri Dolgorukiy , White Sea
VMF
VMF
Suborbital
Missile test
27 August
Successful
1 September 13:53[ 77]
Terrier-Oriole
FTM-16 E2
Kauai
MDA
MDA
Suborbital
ABM target
1 September
Successful
SM-3 Block 1B target
1 September 13:54[ 77]
RIM-161C SM-3 Block 1B
FTM-16 E2
“Lake Erie”号CG-70 (6) , Pacific Ocean
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
ABM test
1 September
Spacecraft failure
First launch of SM-3 Block 1B, intercept failed
3 September 09:46[ 77]
RS-12M Topol
Plesetsk
RVSN
RVSN
Suborbital
Missile test
3 September
Successful
15 September[ 85]
Kavoshgar (Zelzal-based)
Semnan
ISA
Kavoshgar-5
ISA
Suborbital
Biological
15 September
Launch failure
First Iranian attempt to launch a monkey into space; failed, resulting in death of the monkey
26 September[ 86] 03:20[ 77]
Prithvi II
Integrated Test Range IC-3 [ 77]
DRDO
DRDO
Suborbital
Missile test
27 September
Successful
27 September 07:08[ 85]
RS-26 Rubezh
Plesetsk
RVSN
RVSN
Suborbital
Missile test
27 September
Launch failure
29 September[來源請求]
R-29RMU2.1 Layner
K-114 Tula , Barents Sea
VMF
VMF
Suborbital
Missile test
30 September
Successful
30 September 04:02[ 87]
Agni-II
ITR IC-4 [ 77]
Indian Army
Indian Army
Suborbital
Missile test
30 September
Successful
Travelled 2,500公里(1,600英里) downrange
5 October 05:56[ 77]
SRALT
FTT-12
C-17, Pacific Ocean
MDA
U.S. Army / MDA
Suborbital
ABM target
5 October
Successful
Intercepted by THAAD missile
5 October 05:56[ 77]
R-17 Elbrus
FTT-12
MLP, Barking Sands
U.S. Army
U.S. Army / MDA
Suborbital
ABM target
5 October
Successful
Intercepted by THAAD missile
5 October 06:00[ 77]
THAAD
FTT-12
Barking Sands
U.S. Army
U.S. Army / MDA
Suborbital
ABM test
5 October
Successful
Intercepted target missile
5 October 06:00[ 77]
THAAD
FTT-12
Barking Sands
U.S. Army
U.S. Army / MDA
Suborbital
ABM test
5 October
Successful
Intercepted target missile
8 October 10:25:01[ 78]
Black Brant IX
White Sands
NASA
PICTURE
Boston
Suborbital
Astronomy
8 October
Spacecraft failure[ 78]
11 October 21:15:00[ 78]
Terrier-Orion
Andøya
NASA
CHAMPS
Colorado
Suborbital
Geospace
11 October
Successful[ 78]
13 October 13:50:00[ 78]
Terrier-Orion
Andøya
NASA
CHAMPS
Colorado
Suborbital
Geospace
13 October[ 78]
Successful
28 October 03:40[ 77]
RSM-56 Bulava
K-535 Yuri Dolgorukiy , White Sea
VMF
VMF
Suborbital
Missile test
28 October
Successful
2 November 07:50[ 77]
Jericho III
Palmachim
Israeli Air Force
Israeli Air Force
Suborbital
Missile test
2 November
Successful
3 November 06:45[ 77]
RS-12M Topol
Plesetsk
RVSN
RVSN
Suborbital
Missile test
3 November
Successful
6 November 07:00[ 78]
Black Brant IX
White Sands
NASA
XQC F5
Wisconsin
Suborbital
Astronomy
6 November
Successful[ 78]
15 November 03:30[ 88]
Agni IV
Integrated Test Range IC-4
DRDO
Indian Army
Suborbital
Missile test
15 November
Successful
17 November 11:30
UGM-27 Polaris (STARS)
Barking Sands LC-42
U.S. Air Force
AHW Flight 1A
U.S. Army
Suborbital
Technology demonstration
17 November
Successful
25 November 23:00[ 77]
Improved Orion
Barreira do Inferno
AEB
INPE
Suborbital
Microgravity
25 November
Successful
27 November 09:10[ 89]
VSB-30
Esrange
EuroLaunch
/ TEXUS -48
DLR/ESA
Suborbital
Microgravity
27 November
Successful
2 December 22:00[ 77]
VS-30
Barreira do Inferno
AEB
Brasil-Alemanha
INPE
Suborbital
Microgravity
2 December
Successful
3 December 07:21:31[ 77]
VS-30/Improved Orion
Ny-Ålesund
Andøya
ICI-3 (CanoRock 4)
Oslo /Andøya
Suborbital
Atmospheric
3 December
Successful[ 90]
10 December 10:30:00[ 91]
Black Brant IX
White Sands
NASA
Colorado
Suborbital
Astronomy
10 December
Successful
19 December 14:48[ 92]
S-310
Uchinoura
JAXA
JAXA/TPU /TU
Suborbital
Ionospheric
19 December
Successful
19 December
MN-300
Kapustin Yar
Roshydromet
MR-30
Roshydromet
Suborbital
Meteorology Test flight
19 December
Successful
Maiden flight of MN-300
23 December
RSM-56 Bulava
K-535 Yuri Dolgorukiy , White Sea
VMF
VMF
Suborbital
Missile test
23 December
Successful
23 December
RSM-56 Bulava
K-535 Yuri Dolgorukiy , White Sea
VMF
VMF
Suborbital
Missile test
23 December
Successful
27 December 12:00
RS-18 UR-100N
Baikonur
RVSN
RVSN
Suborbital
Missile test
27 December
Successful
?
UGM-133 Trident II D5
“?”号SSBN ? (6) , Pacific Ocean
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Missile test
?
Successful
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 44
?
UGM-133 Trident II D5
“?”号SSBN ? (6) , Pacific Ocean
US Navy
US Navy
Suborbital
Missile test
?
Launch failure
Follow-on Commander's Evaluation Test 44 ?
深空机动
日期 (UTC )
航天器
事件
备注
9 January
Mars Express
Flyby of Phobos
Closest approach: 100公里(62英里). Mars Express made a total of 8 flybys of Phobos at a distance of less than 1,400公里(870英里) between 20 December and 16 January.
9 January
Artemis P1
Spacecraft left LL2 orbit and joined Artemis P2 in LL1 orbit
11 January
Cassini
3rd flyby of Rhea
Closest approach: 76公里(47英里)[ 93]
15 February
Stardust (NExT )
Flyby of Tempel 1
Closest approach: 181公里(112英里). Observed changes since Deep Impact flyby and imaged crater created by Deep Impact impactor, as well as new terrain.
18 February
Cassini
74th flyby of Titan
Closest approach: 3,651公里(2,269英里)
18 March
MESSENGER
Hermocentric orbit injection
First artificial satellite of Mercury; elliptical orbit with a periapsis of 200 kilometers (120 mi) and an apoapsis of 15,000 km (9,300 mi).[ 94]
19 April
Cassini
75th flyby of Titan
Closest approach: 10,053公里(6,247英里)
8 May
Cassini
76th flyby of Titan
Closest approach: 1,873公里(1,164英里)
8 June
Chang'e 2
Departed lunar orbit
Travelled to L2 Lagrangian point , which it reached in August 2011.[ 95]
20 June
Cassini
77th flyby of Titan
Closest approach: 1,359公里(844英里)
27 June
Artemis P1
Lunar orbit insertion
Initial orbital parameters were: apogee 3,543公里(2,202英里), perigee 27,000公里(17,000英里). Over the following three months, the orbit was lowered to an apogee of 97公里(60英里) and a perigee of 18,000公里(11,000英里), with an inclination of 20 degrees; retrograde orbit.
16 July
Dawn
Vestiocentric orbit injection
First artificial satellite of 4 Vesta.[ 96] Initial orbit was 16,000公里(9,900英里) high and was reduced to 2,700公里(1,700英里) until 11 August.
17 July
Artemis P2
Lunar orbit insertion
Initial orbital parameters were similar to Artemis P1. Over the following three months the orbit was lowered to an apogee of 97公里(60英里) and a perigee of 18,000公里(11,000英里), with an inclination of 20 degrees; prograde orbit.
25 August
Cassini
Second-closest flyby of Hyperion [ 97]
Closest approach: 25,000公里(16,000英里)
12 September
Cassini
78th flyby of Titan
Closest approach: 5,821公里(3,617英里)
16 September
Cassini
Flyby of Hyperion
Closest approach: 58,000公里(36,000英里)
1 October
Cassini
14th flyby of Enceladus
Closest approach: 99公里(62英里)
19 October
Cassini
15th flyby of Enceladus
Closest approach: 1,231公里(765英里)
6 November
Cassini
16th flyby of Enceladus
Closest approach: 496公里(308英里)
12 December
Cassini
3rd flyby of Dione
Closest approach: 99公里(62英里)
13 December
Cassini
79th flyby of Titan
Closest approach: 3,586公里(2,228英里)
31 December
GRAIL-A
Lunar orbit insertion
Twin satellite Grail-B's insertion occurred a day later, on 1 January 2012.
舱外活动
开始时间
持续时间
结束时间
航天器
乘组
工作内容
备注
21 January 10:05
5 hours23 minutes
15:49
Expedition 26 ISS Pirs
Dmitri Kondratyev Oleg Skripochka
Prepared the ISS Poisk module for future dockings.[ 98]
16 February 13:15
6 hours23 minutes
18:15
Expedition 26 ISS Pirs
Dmitri Kondratyev Oleg Skripochka
Installed a radio antenna, deployed a nanosatellite , installed two experiments and retrieved two exposure panels on a third experiment.
28 February 15:46
6 hours34 minutes
22:20
STS-133 ISS Quest
Stephen Bowen Alvin Drew
Removed a failed coolant pump and routed a power extension cable.
2 March 15:41
6 hours14 minutes
21:55
STS-133 ISS Quest
Stephen Bowen Alvin Drew
Removed or repaired thermal insulation, swapped out an attachment bracket on the Columbus module, installed a camera assembly on Dextre and installed a light on a cargo cart.
20 May 07:10
6 hours19 minutes
13:29
STS-134 ISS Quest
Andrew Feustel Gregory Chamitoff
Completed installation of a new set of MISSE experiments, started installing a new wireless video system, installed an ammonia jumper, a new light on the CETA cart on the S3 truss segment, and a cover on the starboard SARJ.
22 May 06:05
8 hours07 minutes
14:12
STS-134 ISS Quest
Andrew Feustel Michael Fincke
Hooked up a jumper to transfer ammonia to the Port 6 PVTCS, lubricated the SARJ and one of the "hands" on Dextre , and installed a stowage beam on the S1 truss.
25 May 05:43
6 hours54 minutes
12:37
STS-134 ISS Quest
Andrew Feustel Michael Fincke
Installed PDGF (except for data cable), routed power cables from Unity to Zarya , finished installation of wireless video system, took pictures of Zarya 's thrusters and captured infrared video of an experiment in ELC 3.
27 May 04:15
7 hours24 minutes
11:39
STS-134 ISS Quest
Gregory Chamitoff Mike Fincke
Installed OBSS on S1 truss, removed the EFGF and replaced it with a spare PDGF, and released some torque on the bolts that were holding the spare arm for Dextre down against ELC 3. Final shuttle spacewalk.[ 99]
12 July 13:22
6 hours31 minutes
19:53
Expedition 28 ISS Quest
Ronald Garan Michael Fossum
Moved a failed cooling pump from the station to the shuttle Atlantis , transferred a robotic refuelling apparatus from the shuttle to the ISS, installed a materials science experiment on the station's truss, serviced a robot arm attachment fitting, installed a thermal cover over the unused docking port PMA-3, and fixed a protruding wire on a grapple fixture on the Zarya module.
3 August 14:51
6 hours22 minutes
21:22
Expedition 28 ISS Pirs
Sergei Volkov Aleksandr Samokutyayev
Launched Kedr satellite, installed BIORISK experiment outside Pirs , and installed laser communication equipment to transmit scientific data from the Russian Orbital Segment.
轨道发射统计
按国家(区域)
就本章节的主旨而言,每次航天飞行所属的国家以火箭的原产国为准,而不是发射服务提供商或发射场所在国。例如,西欧阿丽亚娜空间公司在南美洲圭亞那太空中心 发射的联盟号火箭应视作俄罗斯的发射,因为联盟2号 是俄罗斯火箭。
中国: 19
欧洲: 5
印度: 3
伊朗: 1
日本: 3
俄罗斯: 29
乌克兰: 6
美国: 18
按火箭
By family
By type
By configuration
按发射场
China
France
India
International waters
Iran
Japan
Kazakhstan
Russia
United States
按轨道
Transatmospheric
Low Earth
Low Earth (ISS)
Low Earth (SSO)
Low Earth (retrograde)
Medium Earth
Geosychronous (transfer)
Inclined GSO
High Earth
Heliocentric
参见
参考
中国国家航天局
中国探月网
Encyclopedia Astronautica
Gunter's Space Page - Chronology of Space Launches
日本宇宙航空研究開發機構
Jonathan's Space Report (SatCat.txt与Launchlog.txt两项)
Mission Set Database (NASA GFC)
NASA
NASA SpaceFlight.com
Orbital Report News Agency's Launch Logs
Space Calander (NASA JPL)
Southwest Space Archive
SPACE.com Launch Forecast
SpaceFlightNow
Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive
U.S. Space Objects Registry
脚注
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^ 2.0 2.1 Nasa's Curiosity rover successfully lands on Mars . BBC. 6 August 2012 [2025-01-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Elektro-L . RussianSpaceWeb.com. 20 January 2011 [7 January 2013] . (原始内容 存档于30 November 2012).
^ Largest-Ever Rocket, With Secret Payload, Launched On West Coast . CBS Radio . 20 January 2011 [21 February 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2021-10-16).
^ United Launch Alliance Launches First West Coast Delta IV Heavy Mission . United Launch Alliance . [21 January 2011] . (原始内容 存档于9 June 2011).
^ Launch Result of H-IIB Launch Vehicle No. 2 with KOUNOTORI2 (HTV2) Onboard . JAXA . 22 January 2011 [23 January 2011] . (原始内容 存档于23 January 2011).
^ Japan's rocket delivering supplies . The Gazette (Tokyo ). Associated Press . 23 January 2011: P6 [20 May 2021] . (原始内容存档 于20 May 2021) –通过Newspapers.com .
^ ARISSat-1/KEDR Amateur Radio Satellite Deorbits . Spacedaily.com. [27 March 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Военный спутник, запущенный на "Рокоте", скорее всего, утрачен . RIA Novosti . 1 February 2011 [1 February 2011] . (原始内容存档 于4 February 2011) (俄语) .
^ GEO IK 2 . N2YO.com. [22 November 2019] . (原始内容存档 于2024-12-04).
^ Vandenberg launches Minotaur I . 30th Space Wing Public Affairs. [7 February 2011] . (原始内容 存档于19 February 2011).
^ Mission Update – Ariane 5 opens a busy year of Arianespace missions with the milestone launch of another Automated Transfer Vehicle for Europe . Arianespace . [20 February 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2015-09-19).
^ 13.0 13.1 Bergin, Chris. Downstream shuttle planning: CLFs, AMS noted, MAF working on extra ETs . NASASpaceFlight.com. 11 February 2009 [16 February 2009] . (原始内容存档 于16 February 2009).
^ Спутник "Глонасс-К" вывели из состава орбитальной группировки ["Glonass-K" satellite removed from orbital constellation] . TASS . 12 November 2021 [12 November 2021] . (原始内容存档 于2023-06-09) (俄语) .
^ "Preparations underway for X-37B landing" 互联网档案馆 的存檔 ,存档日期2 June 2012.. Vandenberg.af.mil, 30 May 2012. Retrieved: 1 June 2012.
^ "X-37B lands this morning at Vandenberg AFB" . Santa Maria Times . 16 June 2012.
^ Launch Of New ISS mission Slated For April 5 . Space-travel.com. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Plan of Russian space launches . NASASpaceFlight.com. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2024-12-08).
^ :::: United Launch Alliance, LLC :::: . Ulalaunch.com. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容 存档于7 December 2013).
^ Calendar of Events: Indian PSLV-C16 Launch of Resourcesat-2, X-Sat, Youthsat | SpaceRef – Your Space Reference . SpaceRef. [5 October 2011] . [永久失效連結 ]
^ PSLV to be launched around April 10 . The Hindu (Chennai, India). 6 March 2011. (原始内容 存档于2 April 2011).
^ ISRO to launch PSLV-C16 with RESOURCESAT-2, two other satellites on Apr 20 | NetIndian . Netindian.in. 9 April 2011 [27 March 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Mission Update – Ariane 5 launch with Yahsat Y1A and Intelsat New Dawn: Launch countdown interrupted . Arianespace. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2015-04-07).
^ Final Countdown Is Underway For Second Ariane 5 Flight Of 2011 . Space-travel.com. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Mission Update – Ariane 5's launch with Yahsat Y1A and Intelsat New Dawn is set for April 22 . Arianespace. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2015-09-19).
^ The Ariane 5 mission with Yahsat Y1A and Intelsat New Dawn is "go" for its March 30 liftoff . Arianespace. 28 March 2011 [24 October 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2015-09-19).
^ Mission Update – Maintaining the pace: a second Ariane 5 arrives in French Guiana for launch in 2011 . Arianespace. [21 February 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2015-09-19).
^ Russia launches fourth Meridian spacecraft . russianspaceweb.com. [4 May 2011] . (原始内容 存档于26 May 2011).
^ Inquiry Finds Cable Clip to Blame For Telstar 14R Deployment Failure . SpaceNews.com. 19 August 2011 [5 October 2011] . (原始内容 存档于13 September 2012).
^ Commercial Launch | Telstar 14R | Proton Rocket | Mission Control | International Launch Services . Ilslaunch.com. 21 May 2011 [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2016-12-20).
^ Mission Update – The upcoming Ariane 5 mission with GSAT-8 and ST-2 is given its "go" for launch . Arianespace. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2015-09-19).
^ Two Ariane 5 And One Soyuz Flights Are Now Being Prepared . Space-travel.com. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Long March 3B launches with ChinaSat-10 . NASASpaceFlight.com. 20 June 2011 [20 June 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Stephen Clark. Soyuz rocket lifts off with Russian spy satellite . spaceflightnow.com. 27 June 2011 [28 March 2023] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ ORS 1 (USA 231) . N2YO.com. [22 November 2019] . (原始内容存档 于2024-12-22).
^ Long March 2C launches Shi Jian-11 for China . NASASpaceFlight.com. 6 July 2011 [8 July 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ 中国成功发射第二颗中继卫星"天链一号02星"——中新网 . Chinanews.com. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2020-11-27).
^ China launches new data relay satellite . [11 July 2011] . (原始内容 存档于14 July 2011).
^ CORRECTING and REPLACING – UPDATE: Globalstar Satellites Now Scheduled for Launch on July 13th . [12 July 2011] .
^ Soyuz delivers six satellites for Globalstar's constellation on an Arianespace-Starsem mission from Baikonur Cosmodrome . [13 July 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2024-12-04).
^ Федеральное Космическое Агентство (Роскосмос)| Новости . Roscosmos.ru. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容 存档于15 October 2011).
^ China launches ninth orbiter for indigenous global navigation system . Xinhua News Agency. [26 July 2011] . (原始内容 存档于19 November 2011).
^ Barbosa, Rui. China make it two in a week via successful Shi Jian 11-02 launch . NASASpaceFlight.com. 29 July 2011 [29 July 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Graham, William. ULA Atlas V launches NASA's Juno on a path to Jupiter . NASASpaceFlight.com. 5 August 2011 [5 August 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2015-09-11).
^ Mission Update – A weather-related postponement for the Ariane 5 launch with ASTRA 1N and BSAT-3c/JCSAT-110R . Arianespace. [5 October 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2015-09-19).
^ China debuts partnership with Pakistan – Long March launches Paksat-1R . NASASpaceFlight.com. 11 August 2011 [27 March 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2019-12-06).
^ China's surge continues with HaiYang-2A launch via Long March 4B . NASASpaceFlight.com. 15 August 2011 [27 March 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Dnepr launches with Ukraine's Sich-2 and several passengers . NASASpaceFlight.com. 17 August 2011 [27 March 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Express-AM4 Launch Failure Inter-Agency Commission Concludes Investigations . International Launch Services . 30 August 2011 [27 December 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2016-11-19).
^ FAILURE: Russia's Ekspress-AM4 is lost as Proton-M Briz-M fails . NASASpaceFlight.com. 17 August 2011 [27 March 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2024-08-12).
^ Malfunction at devices connection blamed for orbiter launch failures . Xinhua News Agency. 6 September 2011 [27 December 2011] . (原始内容 存档于4 March 2016).
^ Barbosa, Rui. China's third launch in a week proves too much as Long March 2C fails . NASASpaceFlight.com. 18 August 2011 [18 August 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Zak, Anatoly. Russian cargo ship fails to reach orbit . RussianSpaceWeb.com. 7 October 2011 [27 December 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2011-12-09).
^ Harding, Pete. Russia's Progress M-12M launches toward ISS – fails to achieve orbit . NASASpaceFlight.com. 24 August 2011 [24 August 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2019-05-22).
^ Nasa – Grail . Nasa.gov. [27 March 2012] . (原始内容 存档于2022-11-26).
^ 56.0 56.1 Graham, William; Bergin, Chris. GRAIL mission ends with Lunar impact and the honoring of a hero . NASASpaceflight.com. 17 December 2012 [18 December 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2012-12-21).
^ China return to flight with Long March 3B/E launch of ChinaSat-1A . NASASpaceFlight.com. 18 September 2011 [19 September 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ 情報収集衛星光学4号機が運用終了 . jwing.net. WING Aviation Press. 7 September 2018 [7 September 2018] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18) (日语) .
^ China launches new communication satellite . News.xinhuanet.com. 19 September 2011 [27 March 2012] . (原始内容 存档于24 September 2011).
^ Chiles, Cody. JFSCC tracks Tiangong-1's reentry over the Pacific Ocean . Vandenberg Air Force Base (新闻稿). 1 April 2018 [22 November 2019] . (原始内容存档 于2020-09-27). U.S. Strategic Command’s (USSTRATCOM) Joint Force Space Component Command (JFSCC), through the Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC), confirmed Tiangong-1 reentered the Earth’s atmosphere over the southern Pacific Ocean at approximately 5:16 p.m. (PST) April 1, 2018.
^ SES'Quetzsat-1 Satellite Scheduled For Launch . Webwire.com. [27 March 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2024-12-06).
^ MEGHA-TROPIQUES: Announcement of Opportunity (PDF) . Indian Space Research Organisation . [21 February 2011] . (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于16 December 2010).
^ MT1 Controlled Re-entry Successful and impacted on the Pacific Ocean . ISRO . 7 March 2023 [8 March 2023] . (原始内容存档 于2023-03-08).
^ "Europe launches two Galileo satellites" (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ). Bloomberg . 21 October 2011.
^ "Europe's first Galileo satellites lift off" (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ). BBC . 21 October 2011.
^ "Russian Proton-M launches three Glonass-M GPS satellites" (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ). NASASpaceFlight.com. 4 November 2011.
^ PolyU preparing for a Sino-Russian interplanetary space mission . Aviation & Aerospace. Domain-B. 3 December 2008 [11 January 2009] . (原始内容存档 于2012-04-06).
^ Launch of Phobos-Grunt . Anatoly Zak. RussianSpaceWeb.com. 13 November 2011 [14 November 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2011-11-10).
^ China launches remote-sensing satellite . Xinhua News. 9 November 2011 [30 November 2011] . (原始内容 存档于12 November 2011).
^ TX 1 . N2YO.com. [22 November 2019] . (原始内容存档 于2024-12-04).
^ Russia delays next manned space flight to ISS . BBC. 29 August 2011 [29 August 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ China sends two satellites into space . Xinhua News. 20 November 2011 [30 November 2011] . (原始内容 存档于22 November 2011).
^ China launches remote-sensing satellite Yaogan XIII . Xinhua News. 30 November 2011 [30 November 2011] . (原始内容 存档于3 December 2011).
^ China launches 10th satellite for independent navigation system . Xinhua news. 2 December 2011 [2 December 2011] . (原始内容 存档于5 December 2011).
^ Rui C. Barbosa. Chinese Long March 3B/E launches NigComSat-1R . NASASpaceFlight.com. 19 December 2011 [19 December 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Harding, Pete. Soyuz TMA-03M undocks from ISS and returns to Earth . NASASpaceFlight.com. 1 July 2012 [3 July 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2013-09-21).
^ 77.00 77.01 77.02 77.03 77.04 77.05 77.06 77.07 77.08 77.09 77.10 77.11 77.12 77.13 77.14 77.15 77.16 77.17 77.18 77.19 77.20 77.21 77.22 77.23 77.24 77.25 77.26 77.27 77.28 77.29 77.30 77.31 77.32 77.33 77.34 77.35 77.36 77.37 77.38 77.39 77.40 77.41 77.42 77.43 77.44 McDowell, Jonathan. S: Suborbital launches (apogee 80+ km) . Jonathan's Space Page. [2 January 2012] . (原始内容 存档于2010-10-14).
^ 78.00 78.01 78.02 78.03 78.04 78.05 78.06 78.07 78.08 78.09 78.10 78.11 78.12 78.13 78.14 78.15 78.16 78.17 78.18 78.19 78.20 78.21 78.22 78.23 78.24 78.25 Blue Book (PDF) . NASA Sounding Rockets Program Office. December 2011 [2 January 2012] . (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于4 March 2012).
^ GMS: Riding on a Sounding Rocket . Goddard Media Studios. NASA. 2011-07-05 [2024-06-03 ] . (原始内容存档 于2022-12-05).
^ TEXUS 49 successfully launched . Swedish Space Corporation. 29 March 2011 [2 January 2012] . (原始内容 存档于2 May 2012).
^ Sea-based Missile Defense Flight Test Results in Successful Intercept . Mda.mil. 15 April 2011 [27 March 2012] . (原始内容 存档于30 March 2012).
^ China launches rocket to monitor space environment . News.xinhuanet.com. 7 May 2011 [5 October 2011] . (原始内容 存档于10 May 2011).
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^ PHOCUS rocket successfully launched | 2011 | SSC . Ssc.se. 21 July 2011 [5 October 2011] . (原始内容 存档于17 September 2011).
^ 85.0 85.1 McDowell, Jonathan. A: Atmospheric launches (apogee 0–50 km) . Jonathan's Space Page. [2 January 2012] . (原始内容 存档于2010-10-14).
^ India Tests Nuclear Capable Missile « VOA Breaking News . Blogs.voanews.com. [27 March 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2012-05-26).
^ Agni-II missile test-fired as part of user trial by Army . The Indian Express. 30 September 2011 [27 March 2012] .
^ France, Agence. India tests long-range nuclear-capable missile | Missiles & Bombs News at DefenceTalk . Defencetalk.com. [27 March 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2025-01-18).
^ Start | DLR . dlr.de. [28 November 2011] . (原始内容 存档于2016-01-21).
^ Flew through the aurora: a successful flight over Svalbard with the ICI-3 research rocket . University of Oslo . 3 December 2011 [20 December 2011] . (原始内容存档 于2024-08-16).
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^ S-310-40号機 打上げ結果について . Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 20 December 2011 [2 January 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2024-12-07) (日语) .
^ 2011 Saturn Tour Highlights . NASA. [24 February 2011] . (原始内容 存档于2011-03-21).
^ Cowen, Ron. MESSENGER eases into Mercury's orbit . Science News . 17 March 2011 [6 January 2012] . (原始内容存档 于2012-09-30).
^ "Chang'e 2 reaches liberation point 2" . Xinhua . 27 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ Amos, Jonathan. Dawn probe orbits asteroid Vesta . BBC. 17 July 2011 [2025-01-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2018-04-22).
^ Cassini Closes in on Saturn's Tumbling Moon Hyperion . nasa.gov. [26 August 2011] . (原始内容 存档于2012-04-19).
^ Crew Completes First Expedition 22 Spacewalk . NASA. 15 January 2010 [15 January 2010] . (原始内容存档 于17 January 2010).
^ "Astronauts complete final shuttle space-walk at ISS" (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ). BBC News. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
^ "New attempt to contact Phobos-Grunt fails" 互联网档案馆 的存檔 ,存档日期4 December 2011.. Voice of Russia. 2 December 2011.
1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 使用(/)號區分載荷;使用( · )號區分發射;載人飛行使用粗體文字 ;非編入目錄的發射失敗使用斜體字 ;其它太空飛行器部署的載荷使用(括號)。
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